Continents Location
Climate Culture
Wildlife Africa
Antarctica Asia

 

The position of a place on the Earth's surface The seven large land masses of the Earth, including Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.
The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group. The average weather conditions in a region over a long period of time, including temperature, rainfall, and wind.
The second largest continent, located south of Europe and bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The animals and other living things that are not domesticated and live in natural environments.
The largest continent, located east of Europe and bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east, and the Indian Ocean to the south. The southernmost continent, located at the South Pole and surrounded by the Southern Ocean.

 

Australia Europe
North America South America
Latitude Longitude
Topography Map

 

The second smallest continent, located east of North America and bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The smallest continent and a country, located south of Asia and surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
The fourth largest continent, located south of North America and bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Southern Ocean to the south. The third largest continent, located north of South America and bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
Longitude is a geographic coordinate that represents the distance of a location east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees. Latitude is a geographic coordinate that represents the distance of a location north or south of the equator, measured in degrees.
A map is a visual representation of an area, typically showing geographical features, boundaries, and other information. Topography refers to the physical features of an area, including its elevation, surface features, and the shape and slope of the land.

 

Atlas Cartography
Scale Legend
Contour Lines Map Projection
Geographic Information System (GIS) Remote Sensing

 

Cartography is the study and practice of creating maps and charts. An atlas is a collection of maps and other geographical information usually organized into a book.
A legend is a key to the symbols and colors used on a map, providing an explanation of their meaning. Scale is the ratio between a distance on a map and the actual distance represented on the Earth's surface.
Map projection is the process of representing the three-dimensional surface of the Earth onto a two-dimensional surface, such as a map. Contour lines are lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation, indicating the shape and slope of the land.
Remote sensing is the process of collecting information about an area from a distance, typically using aerial photographs and satellite imagery. A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographic data.

 

pre-Columbian Latin America
civilizations Aztecs
Maya Inca
cultural achievements technological achievements

 

The region in the Americas where Romance languages, such as Spanish and Portuguese, are spoken. Refers to the time period before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492.
A pre-Columbian civilization in central Mexico known for their military conquests, religious practices, and monumental architecture. Advanced societies that have developed systems of government, social structure, and culture.
A pre-Columbian civilization in the Andes mountains of South America known for their elaborate road system, terraced agriculture, and impressive stonework. An indigenous civilization in Mesoamerica known for their hieroglyphic writing system, astronomy, and impressive architecture.
The contributions a civilization makes to tools, weapons, transportation, agriculture, and other aspects of technology. The contributions a civilization makes to art, architecture, language, religion, and other aspects of culture.

 

colonization indigenous peoples
impact Colonialism
Development Latin America
Impact Analysis

 

The original inhabitants of a region, often used to refer to those who lived in the Americas prior to European colonization. The process by which one nation extends its control over another territory or people.
The practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. The effect that colonization had on the indigenous peoples of pre-Columbian Latin America, including changes to their social, cultural, and economic systems.
A region consisting of countries in Central America, South America, and some Caribbean islands that were colonized by Spain and Portugal. The process of economic and social growth that leads to improved living standards and increased well-being in a country or region over a long period of time.
The process of examining and evaluating the impact of colonialism on the social, political, and economic structures of Latin American countries. The effect that colonialism had on the development and progress of Latin America in terms of social, political, and economic structures.

 

Social Structures Political Structures
Economic Structures Key Events
Key People History
Identification Latin America

 

The formal and informal institutions and organizations that govern a country, including government, political parties, and interest groups. The patterns of relationships and institutions that shape society, including family, religion, education, and government.
Important historical events that shaped the development of Latin America, such as the conquest of the Incas by the Spanish or the Mexican War of Independence. The systems and institutions that govern how resources are produced, distributed, and consumed in a country, including markets, financial systems, and regulations.
The study of past events and their impact on the present. Important figures in the history of Latin America, such as Simon Bolivar, Che Guevara, or Eva Perón.
A region made up of countries in Central and South America, as well as the Caribbean, that speak primarily Spanish or Portuguese. The process of recognizing and understanding the significance of key events and people related to the history of colonialism in Latin America.

 

Geography History
Social Economic
Political Challenges
Culture Identity

 

The study of past events and their impact on society and culture. The study of the physical features, climate, and human activity in a particular region.
Relating to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in a particular region. Relating to human society and its members, especially with regard to their welfare and rights.
Difficulties that need to be overcome in order to achieve a particular goal or objective. Relating to the government or public affairs of a country or region.
The traits, beliefs, and characteristics that distinguish one person or group from another. The beliefs, customs, arts, and social institutions of a particular society or group.

 

Contemporary Societies
Modern era Amazon Rainforest
Andes Mountains Atacama Desert
Brazilian Highlands Cape Horn

 

The general community or groups within a community that share common values, customs, institutions, and practices. Belonging to or occurring in the present time; modern.
The largest rainforest in the world, spanning across South America and home to thousands of species of plants and animals. It is also an important source of oxygen for the planet. The present time, characterized by significant social, economic, and political changes and developments.
A high-altitude, extremely arid desert located in northern Chile that is considered the driest non-polar desert in the world. The world's longest mountain range that stretches along the western coast of South America and is home to the highest peak in the Americas, Aconcagua.
The southernmost point of South America and one of the most notorious shipping channels due to its rough waters and strong winds. A mountainous region that covers over half of Brazil and contains important mineral resources such as iron, gold, and copper.

 

Galapagos Islands Gran Chaco
Guiana Highlands Orinoco River
Pampas Patagonia
Tierra del Fuego Geography

 

A vast plain that covers parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay and is home to several indigenous groups who have adapted to its harsh conditions. A volcanic archipelago located off the coast of Ecuador that is home to unique species of plants and animals, including giant tortoises and marine iguanas.
The third largest river in South America that flows through Venezuela and Colombia and is an important transportation and trade route for the region. A mountainous region that covers much of Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and parts of Brazil and Venezuela and contains valuable mineral deposits such as bauxite and gold.
A sparsely populated region located at the southern end of South America that includes parts of Argentina and Chile and is known for its rugged terrain and wildlife, including penguins and sea lions. A vast grassland region that covers parts of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil and is known for its cattle ranching and agriculture.
The study of the physical features, climate, and natural resources of a particular region. In the case of South America, it includes mountains, rainforests, deserts, rivers and ocean currents. An archipelago located off the southern tip of South America that includes parts of Argentina and Chile and is known for its glaciers and subpolar climate.

 

Colonization Indigenous population
Conquistadors Cultural diversity
Music Art
Literature Rainforests

 

The descendants of the original inhabitants of a territory before the arrival of foreign powers. In South America, there are many indigenous groups with diverse cultures and languages. The process by which a foreign power takes control of a territory and establishes political, economic, and social dominance. In South America, colonization began in the early 16th century with the arrival of the Spanish and Portuguese conquistadors.
The range of different customs, traditions, beliefs, languages, and artistic expressions found within a society or region. In South America, there are many diverse cultures across different countries and regions. The Spanish and Portuguese soldiers and explorers who conquered and colonized much of South America, often at the cost of the lives and autonomy of the indigenous populations.
A form of creative expression that involves producing visual works of beauty and meaning. In South America, there are many different artistic styles and traditions, including pre-Columbian art, colonial art, and contemporary art. A form of artistic expression that involves sound, rhythm, and melody. In South America, there are many different styles of music, including traditional indigenous music, folk music, and modern popular music.
A dense forested region that receives high amounts of rainfall. In South America, there are many significant rainforests, including the Amazon rainforest, which is the largest in the world. A form of written expression that involves creating stories, poems, and other works of language. In South America, there are many diverse literary traditions, including indigenous oral storytelling, colonial literature, and contemporary literature.

 

Andes Mountains Deserts
Ocean currents Economic challenges
Opportunities Globalization
Foreign investment Free trade agreements

 

A dry, barren region that receives little rainfall. In South America, there are several significant deserts, including the Atacama Desert in Chile, which is one of the driest places on earth. A mountain range that spans several countries in South America, including Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. The Andes are the world's longest continental mountain range and have significant cultural and ecological importance in South America.
The difficulties faced by South American countries when it comes to their economy, such as high inflation and unemployment rates. The continuous movement of ocean water due to environmental factors such as temperature and wind. In South America, ocean currents play an important role in the region's climate and ecosystem, including the Humboldt Current off the coast of Peru, which brings nutrient-rich waters that support a diverse marine ecosystem.
The process of increased interconnectedness and integration of economies, societies, and cultures worldwide. The chances for economic growth in South America, such as the rich natural resources in the region.
International agreements that eliminate or reduce barriers to trade between countries to increase economic cooperation and growth. Money invested in South American countries by businesses and individuals from other countries to expand their operations.

 

Infrastructure Sustainable development
Export-oriented agriculture Labor market flexibility
Resource curse Income inequality
Debt crisis 50 states

 

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The physical and organizational structures and facilities that are required for the operation of a society, such as roads, airports, and communication networks.
The ability of the labor market to adapt to changes in the economy, such as the ability to hire and fire workers. Agriculture that is focused on producing crops for export markets, rather than for local consumption.
The unequal distribution of income among a population, where some individuals or groups have much higher incomes than others. The phenomenon where countries with abundant natural resources tend to have slower economic growth and more political instability.
The individual states that make up the United States of America. A situation in which a country is unable to repay its debts, often leading to a financial and economic crisis.

 

map cultural diversity
political diversity physical features
landmarks diversity
geography regions

 

The presence of multiple and different cultural groups within a society. A visual representation of the geographical features and boundaries of a particular area.
The natural landscape of a particular area, including mountains, rivers, and other geographical formations. The presence of multiple and different political parties, ideologies, or beliefs within a society or government.
The presence of differences, including but not limited to culture, ethnicity, race, gender, and socio-economic status. Prominent or significant features or structures that are recognized and identified as important to a particular area.
Areas with consistent and defining characteristics that set them apart from other areas. The study of the physical features, environment, and human activity and their relationships and interactions with one another within a particular area.

 

climate population
government Canada
Physical features Climate zones
Multicultural Location

 

The total number of people who live in a particular area or region. The weather conditions of a particular area over a long period of time, including temperature, precipitation, and other factors.
A North American country located above the United States on a world map. The system of governing or controlling a particular area or region, including the laws, institutions, and individuals responsible for this control.
Different regions of Canada that experience unique seasonal weather patterns, including subarctic, Mediterranean, and temperate zones. Natural landforms and bodies of water that make up the geography of Canada, such as the Rocky Mountains and the Great Lakes.
The position of Canada on a world map, north of the United States and south of the Arctic Ocean. A characteristic of Canadian society that reflects the diversity of its population, including people of Indigenous, European, Asian, African, and Middle Eastern descent.

 

Geography Rocky Mountains
Great Lakes Subarctic
Mediterranean Temperate
Indigenous United States

 

A mountain range that runs from British Columbia to New Mexico in North America, and is a major physical feature of Canada. The study of the physical features, natural resources, and human activity of a particular region or country.
A climate zone characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers, found in northern regions of Canada. A group of five large freshwater lakes located on the border between Canada and the United States, and a major physical feature of Canada.
A climate zone characterized by moderate temperatures and precipitation, found in southern regions of Canada. A climate zone characterized by mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, found in coastal regions of British Columbia.
A country located primarily in North America, consisting of 50 states and multiple territories. Referring to the original inhabitants of a particular region or country, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples in Canada.

 

Canada Similarities
Differences Cultural
Political Economic
Social Ties

 

Comparable aspects between two subjects, in this case between the US and Canada. A country located in North America, consisting of ten provinces and three territories.
Related to the shared values, beliefs, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society, in this case between the US and Canada. Contrasting aspects between two subjects, in this case between the US and Canada.
Related to the production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services, in this case between the US and Canada. Related to governance and the exercise of power, in this case between the US and Canada.
Connections or links between two or more subjects, in this case economic and social ties between the US and Canada. Related to human society and the relationships among individuals and groups, in this case between the US and Canada.

 

Critical thinking Analysis skills
Geography Caribbean Islands
Map Climate
Geography Natural resources

 

The ability to examine and interpret data, or information, to understand patterns, trends, or relationships, and to draw conclusions or make recommendations. The ability to objectively analyze and evaluate information, ideas, or arguments, to inform decisions or judgments.
A group of islands located in the Caribbean Sea between North and South America. The study of the physical features, climate, and human populations of the Earth, and how they interact with each other.
The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period. A geographical representation of an area.
Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain. The study of physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these.

 

Cultural diversity Colonialism
Impact Location
North America South America
Sea Caribbean Islands

 

The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
The position or situation of something or someone. The action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another.
A continent in the western hemisphere south of North America. A continent in the northern hemisphere between the Arctic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.
A group of islands located in the Caribbean Sea. A large body of salt water that is surrounded in whole or in part by land.

 

geographical location cultural influences
geography history
development plantations
colonization independence

 

The various customs, traditions, beliefs, art, music, and cuisine from European, African, and indigenous populations, which are present in the Caribbean Islands. The specific position of the Caribbean Islands on the map, relative to other land masses.
The past events and major cultural movements that have shaped the Caribbean Islands and their people. The physical features and climate of the Caribbean Islands, including volcanic activity, mountains, and tropical weather conditions.
Large-scale farms where tropical crops like sugar cane, tobacco, and coffee were grown by enslaved Africans and indentured workers in the Caribbean Islands. The process of growth and change that has led to the current economic, social, and political systems of the Caribbean Islands.
The movement and struggle for self-rule and political autonomy by various Caribbean Islands after gaining independence from colonial powers in the 19th and 20th centuries. The process by which European powers claimed, occupied, and controlled the Caribbean Islands for centuries.

 

tourism hurricanes
diaspora Caribbean Islands
History Colonialism
Impact Political systems

 

Severe tropical storms that can cause extensive damage to the physical and built environment of Caribbean Islands, as well as significant loss of life and social disruption. The industry of travel and recreational activities that has become a major source of economic development and revenue for many Caribbean Islands.
A group of islands in the Caribbean Sea that includes Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and many others The communities of people who have migrated from the Caribbean Islands to other parts of the world, and the cultural, social, and economic impacts of this migration.
The policy or practice of acquiring and ruling other territories by using military force, political pressure or economic power The study of past events that have an impact on the present
The way in which a government is organized and operated The effect that an event, policy, or decision has on a particular group or situation

 

Socio-economic Status
Slave trade Plantation
Independence Tourism
Natural resources Cultural diversity

 

The position or conditions in which someone or something is currently situated Relating to both social and economic factors
An estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are cultivated by resident labor The buying and selling of human beings for forced labor
The commercial organization and operating of vacations and visits to places of interest The state of being self-governed and free from outside control
The existence of multiple and different cultures within a society, organization, or region. Materials or substances that exist in nature and can be used for economic gain

 

Western Europe Culture
Subculture Language
Food Traditions
Festivals Political development

 

The arts, customs, beliefs, and social institutions of a particular group of people. A region consisting of countries that are located in the western part of Europe, including Spain, France, the UK, and Germany.
A system of communication used by a particular country or community, consisting of vocal sounds, written symbols, or both. A cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture.
Values and beliefs passed down from generation to generation, often associated with a particular culture or community. Any substance that is consumed in order to provide nutritional support for the body.
The changes that take place in the political system of a country, including the form of government, laws, and policies that govern a society. A celebration or event that is usually a religious, cultural, or artistic event that is organized by a community or organization.

 

Economic development Cultural influences
Society GDP
Inflation Trade
Currency Labor force

 

The impact that different cultures have on one another, often resulting in the adoption of new ideas or practices. A process of change in a country's economy that brings about an increase in production, income, and wealth.
Gross Domestic Product is a measure of the total economic output of a country. A group of individuals living together in a community, often sharing common values, beliefs, and customs.
Trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries. Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and subsequently, how purchasing power is falling.
Labor force refers to the total number of people employed and unemployed in a country. Currency is a medium of exchange for goods and services, and serves as a unit of account and store of value.

 

Economic growth Exports
Imports Productivity
Economic policies Standard of living
Social welfare Feudalism

 

Exports are goods and services produced in one country and sold in another. Economic growth is the increase in the production of goods and services over a specific time period, usually measured as GDP growth.
Productivity is an economic measure of output per unit of input. Imports are goods and services produced in another country and purchased by a country.
Standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to individuals and households in a country. Economic policies are actions taken by governments to influence economic activity, including monetary and fiscal policies.
a political and economic system of Europe from the 9th to the 15th century based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of lord to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture Social welfare refers to the well-being of individuals and communities, and is often tied to government programs and policies.

 

Renaissance Enlightenment
Industrial Revolution Imperialism
World War I World War II
Cold War European Union

 

a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition and dogma a cultural movement of the 14th–17th century that began in Italy and spread throughout Europe, characterized by a revival of classical learning and wisdom
a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means a period of time during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban
a global war from 1939 to 1945 that involved the majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers a global war from 1914 to 1918 that involved many of the world's major powers
a political and economic union consisting of 27 member states located primarily in Europe a sustained state of political and military tension between Western powers and the Soviet Union and its allies

 

Brexit Nationalism
Globalization Eastern Europe
Soviet Union Iron Curtain
Communism Balkans

 

an ideology and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union
A region located in the eastern part of Europe, encompassing countries such as Poland, Czech Republic, Ukraine, and others. the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale
A term used to describe the physical and ideological division between Western Europe and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. A state that existed from 1922 to 1991, encompassing much of the territory formerly belonging to the Russian Empire.
A geographical region in Southeast Europe that includes countries such as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, and others. A political and economic ideology that seeks to establish a classless society in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the community as a whole.

 

Orthodox Christianity Warsaw Pact
Velvet Revolution Goulash Communism
Solidarity Titoism
Holodomor Eastern Europe

 

A military alliance established in 1955, comprising the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe. The branch of Christianity that is predominant in Eastern Europe, characterized by its adherence to traditional liturgy and theology.
A form of communism that emerged in Hungary in the 1960s, characterized by its more liberal approach to the economy and cultural issues. A non-violent political revolution in Czechoslovakia in 1989, leading to the downfall of its communist government.
A form of socialism that emerged in Yugoslavia, characterized by its non-alignment, self-management, and multi-ethnic composition. A Polish trade union that was instrumental in the downfall of communism in Poland and the rise of democracy in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s.
A region in Europe encompassing countries such as Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and others. A man-made famine that took place in Ukraine in 1932-1933, caused by Stalin's policies of forced collectivization.

 

Economic system Command economy
Market economy Mixed economy
Privatization Political system
Communism Socialism

 

An economic system in which the government makes all the economic decisions and owns all the resources and means of production. The way in which a society organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
An economic system that combines elements of both command and market economies. An economic system in which individuals and businesses make the economic decisions and own the resources and means of production.
The system of government and political institutions in a society. The transfer of government-owned businesses and industries to private ownership and control.
A political and economic ideology that advocates for a society in which the means of production are collectively owned and controlled by the workers or the community as a whole. A political and economic ideology that advocates for a classless society in which all property and resources are communally owned and controlled by the community as a whole.

 

Democracy Authoritarianism
Impact Eastern Europe
Balkan Mountains Carpathians
Danube River landforms

 

A system of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of people or a single individual. A system of government in which power is held by the people, either directly or through elected representatives.
The region comprised of countries located in the east of Europe including Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Ukraine and many others. The effect that the economic and political systems of Eastern Europe have on the region and the world.
A mountain range in central and eastern Europe extending through Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. A range of mountains stretching across Bulgaria and Serbia.
Natural features of the Earth's surface, such as mountains, hills, and valleys. The second longest river in Europe, which flows through ten countries including Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Ukraine.

 

cultural significance historical significance
physical features map
Budapest Krakow
Transylvania Legacy

 

The importance of a location or landscape in relation to past events or historical periods of time. The importance of a location or landscape in relation to the cultural traditions and practices of the people who live there.
A visual representation of the Earth's surface showing the locations of geographic features and political boundaries. The natural attributes of a location or landscape, such as rivers, mountains, and forests.
A city in southern Poland, known for its historic architecture and cultural significance. The capital city of Hungary, located on the banks of the Danube River.
The impact left by Ancient Greece in modern Europe and its culture A region in central Romania, known for its scenic landscapes and cultural heritage.

 

Achievements Philosophy
Polis Democracy
Olympics Mythology
Theater Architecture

 

The study of fundamental questions about life, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The major progress or accomplishments attained by Ancient Greece in politics, art, science, philosophy.
A system of government in which the power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through representatives. The city-state unit that was the basic political institution of Ancient Greece.
The collection of myths or stories that belong to a particular culture or religion. A major sports event held every four years in honor of Zeus, held in Ancient Greece, and now an international event.
The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. A collective form of art or entertainment that uses live performers and a stage to present the experience of a real or imagined event.

 

Logic Science
Arithmetic Renaissance
Humanism Classicism
Secularism Patronage

 

The study of the natural world through observation and experimentation. A systematic method or reasoning that involves the principles of correct and incorrect inference.
A period of great cultural and artistic rebirth in Europe, spanning from the 14th to the 17th centuries. The branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of numbers.
A style in art, literature, and architecture that emulates the aesthetics and values of ancient Greece and Rome. A philosophical movement that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence over acceptance of dogma or superstition.
The support or sponsorship of artists, writers, and other creatives by wealthy individuals or institutions. The separation of religion and government, allowing for a more worldly and rational approach to governance and society.

 

Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo
William Shakespeare The printing press
The Scientific Revolution Baroque art
Absolutism Brexit

 

A celebrated sculptor, painter, and architect of the Renaissance, known for works such as the David and the Sistine Chapel ceiling. A famous artist, inventor, and scientist of the Renaissance, known for iconic works such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
A transformative invention of the Renaissance that enabled widespread dissemination of ideas and knowledge through the mass production of printed materials. An English playwright and poet of the Renaissance, considered one of the greatest writers in the English language.
An artistic style of the 17th century marked by ornate and grandiose compositions, dramatic lighting, and emotive expressions. A period of intellectual and cultural upheaval in Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries, marked by the emergence of modern science and its transformational impact on various fields of enquiry.
The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. A form of government in which a single ruler, typically a king or queen, exercises complete authority over state and society.

 

European Union Populism
European Council Nationalism
European Parliament Eurosceptics
European Commission Social Democracy

 

A political approach which appeals to the interests and prejudices of ordinary people. A political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe.
A political idea that emphasizes loyalty, devotion or allegiance to a nation or nation-state. The EU institution that defines the general political direction and priorities of the European Union.
People who are critical of the European Union and its policies. The EU institution that represents the citizens of the European Union and has legislative, supervisory, and budgetary functions.
A political ideology that advocates for democratic socialism, progressive taxation, and strong welfare programs. The executive branch of the European Union responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.

 

European Free Trade Association Far-right
Single Market Shinto
Geisha Samurai
Origami Sushi

 

A political term used to describe parties or movements that espouse extreme right-wing ideologies, such as nationalism or fascism. A free trade organization made up of four European countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.
Japanese traditional religion that focuses on ritual practices to be carried out diligently to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past. An economic arrangement between countries whereby all trade barriers, customs duties and taxes are eliminated in order to facilitate the free flow of goods, services, capital, and people.
Military nobility and officer caste in medieval and early-modern Japan. Traditional Japanese female entertainer who acts as a hostess.
Japanese dish consisting of vinegar-marinated rice, usually served with raw fish or vegetables. Japanese art form of paper folding.

 

Haiku Anime
Calligraphy Zen
Kimono Kabuki
Noh Japan

 

Style of Japanese animated entertainment. Short form of Japanese poetry, usually consisting of three lines.
Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition. Art of beautiful writing, often using a brush and ink in East Asian cultures.
Classic Japanese theater and drama, known for stylization of acting, costumes, and makeup. Traditional Japanese garment, which is a T-shaped robe that is wrapped around the body with the left side over the right and secured with a sash.
A country located in East Asia, surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, and East China Sea. Major form of classical Japanese musical drama.

 

Shinto Samurai
Sushi Anime
Kabuki Sumo
Tea ceremony Zen Buddhism

 

Military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan. A traditional Japanese religion that emphasizes the worship of ancestors and nature spirits.
A style of Japanese animated entertainment featuring colorful characters and fantastical themes. A Japanese dish of vinegared rice, usually served with raw fish or egg.
A traditional Japanese sport in which two wrestlers try to force each other out of a circular ring. A form of Japanese theater known for its elaborate costumes, makeup, and stylized movements.
A school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition to achieve enlightenment. A traditional Japanese practice of serving and drinking matcha, a powdered green tea.

 

Kimono J-pop
Manga Shinto
Samurai Anime
Kabuki Bonsai

 

A genre of Japanese popular music that originated in the 1990s and features upbeat, catchy tunes. A traditional Japanese garment, worn by both men and women, that features long, wide sleeves and a wraparound design.
A Japanese religion incorporating the worship of ancestors and nature spirits and a belief in sacred power in both animate and inanimate things. Japanese comic books and graphic novels with a distinctive style and aesthetic.
A style of Japanese film and television animation, typically aimed at adults as well as children. A hereditary military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan.
An ornamental tree or shrub grown in a pot and artificially prevented from reaching its normal size. A Japanese form of theater featuring melodramatic singing and dancing, traditional costumes, and unique makeup.

 

Ikebana Sushi
Kimono Harajuku fashion
Golden Week Cherry blossom
Tea ceremony South Korea

 

A Japanese dish consisting of small balls or rolls of vinegar-flavored cold cooked rice with a garnish of vegetables, egg, or raw seafood. The Japanese art of arranging flowers.
A youth fashion subculture in Japan characterized by unique styles, often incorporating bright colors and unusual accessories. A traditional Japanese garment worn by women, men, and children, consisting of a long robe with wide sleeves and a sash.
The flower of any of several trees of the genus Prunus, especially the Japanese cherry, typically blooming in the spring with pink or white flowers. A series of four national holidays in Japan that take place in late April and early May, often used for travel and leisure.
A country located in East Asia, on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. A traditional Japanese cultural activity involving the ceremonial preparation and presentation of matcha, powdered green tea.

 

map physical geography
mountains rivers
coastline influence
development culture

 

A branch of geography that focuses on the natural features and phenomena of the earth's surface, including its topography, climate, and hydrology. A diagrammatic representation of an area or land, depicting physical features, political boundaries, etc.
A large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another such stream. A large natural elevation of the earth's surface, rising abruptly from the surrounding level; typically having steep sides, a defined summit, and a relatively large area.
The ability to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself. The outline of a coast, especially with regard to its shape and appearance.
The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group. The process of growing or changing in order to improve or become more advanced.

 

demography economy
industry Communist Party of China
Kuomintang One country, two systems
Multi-party system State-owned enterprises

 

The wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services. The study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics.
The ruling political party of China, founded in 1921, with a socialist ideology and a one-party system. A particular form or branch of economic or commercial activity, typically involving the manufacturing or production of a particular product or service.
A framework proposed by China for reunification with Taiwan, wherein Taiwan would maintain its capitalist system and its own government, but be part of China's territory. A major political party in Taiwan that advocates for Chinese reunification and a market-oriented economy.
Companies or organizations that are owned and operated by the government, rather than by private individuals or corporations. A political system where multiple political parties are allowed to participate in elections and hold public office.

 

Democratic Progressive Party National People's Congress
Legislative Yuan Central Committee
Referendum Taiwan Relations Act
Cultural Revolution Deforestation

 

The highest organ of state power in China, with the authority to enact laws and oversee government affairs. A major political party in Taiwan that advocates for Taiwanese independence and a more progressive approach to social issues.
The leading body of the Communist Party of China, responsible for setting policies and making major organizational decisions. The unicameral legislature of Taiwan, with the power to pass laws and oversee government affairs.
A US federal law passed in 1979, which declared that the US would continue to maintain unofficial relations with Taiwan and provide it with defensive weapons. A direct vote by the electorate on a particular issue or law.
The clearing of trees, transforming a forest into cleared land. Often for agricultural purposes. A political and social movement launched by Mao Zedong in China in 1966, which aimed to eliminate the 'four olds' (old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old habits) and promote communism.

 

Pollution Climate Change
Agriculture Biodiversity
Overfishing Erosion
Waste Management Resource Depletion

 

A long-term alteration in global weather patterns, particularly increases in temperature and changing weather conditions are affecting our planet. The presence or introduction into the environment of substances or things that have harmful or poisonous effects.
The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable. Cultivation of the soil for growing crops and rearing animals to provide food and other products.
Gradual destruction or diminution of something, especially rock, soil, or other geologic material, by a natural agency. The removal of fish from a body of water at a rate greater than that at which they can be replaced, leading to depletion of the fish population.
The consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished. The process of treating solid wastes and sewage so as to separate out pollutants and dispose of them in a way that does not threaten human health or the environment.

 

Water Scarcity Renewable Energy
Sustainability Hong Kong
Singapore economic growth
economic development comparative advantage

 

Energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which regenerate themselves naturally and do not deplete natural resources. The lack of sufficient available water resources to meet water needs within a region.
a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, located on the southeastern coast. Its economy is highly developed and known for its free-market capitalism, with a focus on international trade and financial services. The ability to maintain something at a certain level or rate over time.
an increase in the market value of goods and services produced by an economy over time a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia. Its economy is highly developed and known for its free-market capitalism, with a focus on international trade, manufacturing and financial services.
a principle that describes the ability of a person or nation to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another person or nation a process of economic growth that involves improvement in the quality of life of people, particularly in education, health care, and other social services

 

export-oriented economy import substitution
foreign direct investment privatization
education system health care system
sustainable development Philippines

 

a trade strategy that involves replacing foreign imports with domestic production or local goods to promote local industries and reduce dependence on imports an economy that focuses on exporting goods and services to other countries
the transfer of ownership and control of government-owned assets and enterprises to private individuals or companies a type of international investment in which a company or individual invests directly in an overseas business enterprise or property
a set of policies, procedures, and practices designed to provide health care in a particular country or region a set of policies, procedures, and practices designed to provide education in a particular country or region
A country in Southeast Asia composed of over 7,000 islands and known for its beautiful beaches, rich history, and diverse culture. economic development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

 

Major events Influences
Cultural diversity Geography
History Trade
Impact Society

 

Factors that have had an impact on the Philippines such as geography, history, and trade. These influences have contributed to the culture and traditions of the country. Significant occurrences that have shaped the history of the Philippines such as Spanish colonization, American occupation, and WWII.
The physical features of the land, such as mountains, rivers, and oceans, that have influenced the development of the Philippines and its culture. The variety of cultural traditions and practices found in the Philippines due to the country's history as a trading post and melting pot of cultures.
The exchange of goods and services that has occurred in the Philippines over time, leading to the influence and adoption of different cultures and customs. The events, people, and occurrences that have shaped the Philippines, including colonization, revolution, and independence.
The group of people who live in the Philippines, share a common culture and customs, and interact with one another. The effect or influence that cultural diversity has had on the society and economy of the Philippines, including positive and negative outcomes.

 

Economy Colonization
Independence Silk Road
Central Asia Trading cities
Cultural impact Economic impact

 

The period in the Philippines' history when it was ruled by foreign powers such as Spain, the United States, and Japan. The system of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in the Philippines, which is influenced by cultural diversity.
A network of trade routes that ran from China to the Mediterranean Sea, connecting different regions and civilizations. The period in the Philippines' history when it gained independence from foreign powers and became a sovereign nation.
Cities located along the Silk Road that served as hubs for trade and exchange of ideas, such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Kashgar, and Dunhuang. A region that covers vast areas of Asia, including Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and parts of Afghanistan, China, and Mongolia.
The effect that the Silk Road had on the development of trade and commerce in Central Asia and beyond, including the growth of cities, markets, and the silk industry. The influence that the Silk Road had on the spread of religions, arts, sciences, and technologies, including Buddhism, Islam, papermaking, and gunpowder.

 

Political impact Caravan
Camel Pax Mongolica
Horse Dunhuang
Buddhism Central Asia

 

A group of traders and animals that traveled together along the Silk Road, carrying goods and provisions for long distances. The role that the Silk Road played in the establishment of diplomatic relations and political alliances among different empires and states, such as the Han, the Tang, the Mongols, and the Timurids.
A period of relative peace and stability in Eurasia, resulting from the Pax Mongolica, the administration by the Mongol Empire, which facilitated trade and cultural exchange along the Silk Road. A domesticated animal that was essential for transportation and trade on the Silk Road, due to its ability to endure long journeys in the desert.
One of the key trading cities along the Silk Road, located in northwest China, which hosted a major Buddhist center, known for its cave temples, murals, and manuscripts. Another important animal for transportation and warfare on the Silk Road, especially for the nomadic tribes of Central Asia, such as the Xiongnu, the Turks, and the Mongols.
A region in Asia that includes five former Soviet Republics: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. A major religion that was propagated along the Silk Road, originating from India and spreading to China, Tibet, Central Asia, and beyond, through the translation of sutras and the influence of local cultures.

 

Geographical landscape Political landscape
Natural resources Oil
Gas Minerals
Water Challenges

 

The governmental and administrative divisions of Central Asia, including the countries, capitals, and borders. The physical features, such as mountains, deserts, and rivers, that make up the natural environment of Central Asia.
A valuable natural resource found in abundance in Central Asia, used for fuel and other products. Resources that come from the land, such as oil, gas, minerals, and water, that are found in abundance throughout Central Asia.
Natural resources found in abundance in Central Asia, used for manufacturing and other applications. A natural resource found in abundance in Central Asia, used for fuel and other products.
Difficulties or obstacles that must be overcome in managing and utilizing the natural resources of Central Asia, such as political instability, environmental degradation, and corruption. A natural resource found in abundance in Central Asia, used for agriculture, industry, and other purposes.

 

Opportunities Resource management
Analysis Central Asia
Cultural diversity Traditions
Customs Impact

 

The process of planning, organizing, and distributing natural resources in order to maximize their use and benefits while minimizing their negative impacts. Potential advantages or benefits that come with effective management and utilization of the natural resources of Central Asia, such as economic growth, improved quality of life, and energy security.
A region in Asia that spans from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. The process of examining and evaluating data and information in order to understand the challenges and opportunities of resource management in Central Asia.
Customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group passed down from generation to generation. The range of different cultures present in a society or region, including differences in religion, language, customs, and traditions.
The effect or influence that an event, policy, or action has on something or someone. A traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society or community.

 

Historical events Silk Road
Nomadic Ethnic groups
Religion Language
Folk art North Africa

 

A network of trade routes connecting the East and West, which played a major role in the economic, cultural, and political development of Central Asia. Significant events that happened in the past, such as wars, revolutions, and cultural changes.
A community or population of people who share a common cultural, linguistic, or historical background. A person or group of people who move from place to place in search of food, water, and shelter, rather than settling in one place.
A system of communication consisting of sounds, words, and grammar that is used by a group of people. A set of beliefs, values, and practices related to the worship of a divine or supernatural being, such as God, gods, or spirits.
A region comprising of the countries located in the northernmost part of the African continent, including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. Artistic works created by people who have not had formal training, such as paintings, sculptures, or textiles, and which often reflect the cultural and historical traditions of a community or region.

 

capital cities physical features
cultural features economies
cultures geography
climate deserts

 

Natural features of the land and water, such as mountains, deserts, rivers, and oceans that shape the landscape of North Africa. The official cities of a country or region where government and administrative activities take place.
The production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services by individuals, businesses, and governments in North Africa. Customs, beliefs, values, behaviors, and artifacts that characterizes North African societies and way of life.
The study of the physical, cultural, economic, and political aspects of the earth's surface and their interactions in North Africa. The shared customs, beliefs, languages, traditions, and values that define the identity of the people living in North Africa.
Dry, barren areas of land with little to no vegetation or rainfall in North Africa, such as the Sahara and Libyan deserts. The average weather conditions in a place over a long period of time, affecting vegetation, agriculture, and human activities in North Africa.

 

oases agriculture
tourism Cultural diversity
North Africa Unique cultures
Social development Economic development

 

The cultivation of crops, animals, and other food resources for human consumption in North Africa, influenced by geography and climate. Small areas of fertile land in a desert, where water is available, used for agriculture and settlement in North Africa.
The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society or region. The industry of attracting and accommodating visitors for leisure, business, or educational purposes in North Africa, due to its natural and cultural attractions.
The specific customs, beliefs, and practices that are distinct to each North African country and contribute to its unique identity. A region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent, including countries such as Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt.
The process of increasing the economic growth, stability, and prosperity of a country or region, often measured by indicators such as GDP, employment rates, and trade. The process of improving the well-being of people in a society, including their quality of life, access to education, health care, and other basic needs.

 

Berbers Arabization
Islam Colonialism
Art and music Gender roles
Sahara desert North Africa

 

The process of adopting the Arabic language and cultural practices within North African countries, often as a result of Arab conquest or colonization. Indigenous ethnic group of North Africa, with a unique language and cultural traditions that are distinct from Arabic influence.
The practice of a powerful country taking control over a weaker country or territory, often for economic gain, resulting in lasting cultural, social, and political impacts. A monotheistic religion based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad, which is the dominant religion in North Africa and has a significant impact on its culture and traditions.
Cultural expectations and norms around the behaviors, responsibilities, and opportunities of men and women in society, which vary across North African countries. Forms of creative expression that vary within and across North African countries, often reflecting the unique cultural heritage and historical influences.
A region consisting of the northern part of the African continent, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara desert. A vast, arid region in North Africa that covers over 3.6 million square miles, and has significant impacts on the environment, economy, and culture of the region.

 

Historical significance Cultural significance
Key events Developments
Diversity Cultures
Traditions Berbers

 

The importance or relevance of cultural practices and traditions in shaping the identity and values of a region or community. The importance or relevance of past events or people in shaping the present or future of a region.
Changes or advancements that have taken place in various areas, such as politics, economy, or society, over time in North Africa. Pivotal moments or occurrences in the history of North Africa that have had a significant impact on its development and identity.
The beliefs, values, customs, practices, and artifacts that characterize the ways of life of various groups of people in North Africa. The range of differences that exist among people or cultures in North Africa, including but not limited to ethnicity, language, religion, and customs.
An ethnic group native to North Africa, predominantly inhabiting the regions of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, known for their distinctive language and culture. The customs and practices that have been passed down from one generation to another in North Africa, often reflecting cultural or religious beliefs.

 

Islamic civilization Colonization
Pan-Arabism Congo Basin
Biodiversity Ecosystem
Deforestation Indigenous Communities

 

The process by which a foreign power establishes control over a region or people, often involving the imposition of cultural and political norms and practices. The cultural and intellectual achievements of the Muslim world, including important contributions in areas such as science, philosophy, and architecture, that originated in North Africa and spread to other parts of the world.
A large tropical rainforest basin in central Africa, covering 1.3 million square miles and spanning across multiple countries including the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon, and Central African Republic. A political and cultural movement that seeks to promote unity and solidarity among Arab nations in North Africa and the Middle East, often emphasizing Arab identity and language as a unifying force.
The complex system of organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment in the Congo Basin, including both living and non-living elements. The variety of plant and animal life in the Congo Basin, including thousands of plant species and hundreds of animal species, many of which are endangered or threatened.
Groups of people who are native to the Congo Basin and who have lived in the region for many generations, often with deep cultural ties to the land and its resources. The clearing and destruction of trees and other vegetation in the Congo Basin, often for commercial purposes such as logging and agriculture, which has had significant impacts on the environment and indigenous communities.

 

Logging Agriculture
Conservation Rainforest
Tributary Hydroelectric Power
Poaching Congo Basin

 

The cultivation of crops and livestock in the Congo Basin, often for commercial purposes, which has also contributed to deforestation and environmental degradation in the region. The practice of cutting down and processing trees in the Congo Basin for timber, which has been a major driver of deforestation and environmental degradation in the region.
A dense forest in the Congo Basin characterized by heavy rainfall and high humidity, which is home to many unique plant and animal species and plays a critical role in the global ecosystem. Efforts to protect and preserve the natural resources and biodiversity of the Congo Basin, often through the establishment of national parks, protected areas, and other conservation programs.
Electricity generated by the movement of water in the Congo Basin through the use of dams and other infrastructure, which is an important energy source for many communities and industries in the region. A smaller river or stream that flows into a larger river in the Congo Basin, many of which are important sources of water, fish, and other resources for local communities.
A large tropical rainforest area in central Africa. The illegal hunting and harvesting of wildlife in the Congo Basin, which has had significant impacts on many endangered species and contributes to the degradation of the ecosystem.

 

geographical location biodiversity
tropical rainforest endangered species
habitat destruction biodiversity hotspot
deforestation poaching

 

Variety of life in the Congo Basin, including different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms. The specific place or position where the Congo Basin is located on the Earth.
Plants and animals that are at risk of becoming extinct due to human activities in the Congo Basin. Type of ecosystem found in the Congo Basin characterized by high rainfall and lush vegetation.
An area with a high degree of species richness and endemism that is threatened by human activities, such as the Congo Basin. The process by which human activities such as logging, mining, and agriculture destroy the natural habitat of animals and plants in the Congo Basin.
The illegal hunting or killing of animals in the Congo Basin for their meat, hides, or other body parts. The cutting down of trees in the Congo Basin, often for commercial purposes, which can have a devastating impact on the biodiversity of the region.

 

ecosystem climate change
rainforest canopy Congo Basin
Natural Resources Deforestation
Climate Change Biodiversity

 

The long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in the Congo Basin caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels. A community of living organisms, along with their physical environment, interacting as a functional unit in the Congo Basin.
A vast region in central Africa that covers over 3.7 million square kilometers, and is one of the most biodiverse regions on the planet. The upper layer of leaves and branches in the tropical rainforest of the Congo Basin, which supports numerous species of birds and other animals.
The clearing of forests in the Congo basin, usually caused by human activities such as logging, mining, and farming. Substances that are found in the Congo basin and are not created by human beings. These include wood, minerals, oil, and water.
The variety of life in the Congo Basin, including the different species of plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. A long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to define Earth's local, regional and global climates, which can be caused by natural and human factors.

 

Forest Degradation Logging
Mining Agriculture
Poaching Hydroelectricity
Sustainable Development Apartheid

 

The process of cutting down trees for commercial or industrial use, which is a major cause of deforestation in the Congo basin. A condition in the rainforest characterized by damages to its structural and functional abilities caused by human and non-human activities.
The practice of cultivating land, raising animals, and producing food, often leading to the clearance of forests in the Congo basin. The process of extracting minerals or other geological materials from the earth, a major driver of deforestation within the Congo basin.
Electricity that is generated by the movement of water, which is one of the natural resources found in the Congo Basin. The illegal hunting, killing or capturing of wild animals, such as elephants and primates, for their parts or products in the Congo basin.
A system of institutionalized racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs in the Congo basin.

 

Segregation Nelson Mandela
Racial discrimination Boycott
Pass laws Sharpeville massacre
Truth and Reconciliation Commission Desmond Tutu

 

South African anti-apartheid revolutionary who served as president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment.
A refusal to purchase or participate in something as an act of protest or disapproval. The practice of treating people unfairly based on their race, ethnic or national origin.
A turning point in the anti-apartheid struggle, in which South African police opened fire on a group of unarmed black South Africans who were protesting against pass laws. Apartheid-era laws requiring non-white South Africans to carry passbooks with identification and travel restrictions.
South African Anglican cleric and human rights activist who played a key role in the anti-apartheid struggle. Established in South Africa after the end of apartheid to investigate human rights abuses and offer amnesty to those who confessed to crimes.

 

Cape Town peace march Homelands
Post-apartheid South Africa Apartheid
Economic Development GDP
Poverty Foreign Aid

 

Territories in South Africa designated for black South Africans during apartheid, seen by many as a way to enforce segregation. A peaceful protest held in the aftermath of the Sharpeville massacre, organized by anti-apartheid activists including Nelson Mandela.
A policy of racial segregation and discrimination against non-white South Africans that was in place from 1948 to 1994. The period since the end of apartheid in South Africa, marked by efforts to address the country's many social and economic challenges.
Gross Domestic Product, the total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given year. The sustained, concerted actions of policymakers and communities that promote the standard of living and economic health of a specific area.
Economic, medical, or military assistance given by one country to another. The state of being extremely poor, with a lack of access to basic resources and necessities.

 

Infrastructure Debt
International Trade Corruption
Tourism Entrepreneurship
Regional Cooperation Southern Africa

 

Money owed by one party to another, often in the form of loans and interest payments. The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society.
The misuse of public power for personal gain, often involving bribery and embezzlement. The exchange of goods and services across national borders, often to promote economic growth and development.
The process of designing, launching, and running a new business, which can spur economic growth and job creation. The commercial organization and operation of vacations and visits to places of interest, which can stimulate economic growth through increased revenues and job creation.
A region located at the southernmost part of the African continent. The collaboration between countries or communities in a particular geographic region to achieve common goals and address shared challenges, often in the areas of economic development and security.

 

Environmental challenges Sustainable development
Human activities Climate change
Biodiversity loss Poaching
Desertification Water scarcity

 

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The various issues and problems that threaten the natural world in Southern Africa.
The long-term alteration of global temperature and typical weather patterns, primarily caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels. All the actions that individuals and groups take that affect the environment, including pollution, deforestation, and overfishing.
The illegal hunting, killing, or capturing of wildlife, often for commercial gain. The decline in the variety and number of species and ecosystems in Southern Africa.
The lack of sufficient water resources to meet the needs of the population in Southern Africa. The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

 

Renewable energy Green technology
Sustainability Southern Africa
Lesotho Malawi
Zambia Zimbabwe

 

Technology that reduces the negative impact of human activities on the environment, like green buildings and electric vehicles. Energy that comes from natural resources that are replenished at a faster rate than they are consumed, such as wind, water, and sunlight.
A region located in the southern part of the African continent that is comprised of 16 countries. The ability to maintain or improve the quality of life in Southern Africa without depleting or harming the environment.
A landlocked country in Southern Africa that is known for Lake Malawi, one of the largest lakes in the world by volume, and for being home to the Malawian people. A country in Southern Africa that is completely surrounded by South Africa. Its capital and largest city is Maseru.
A country in Southern Africa that is known for its natural beauty and for being home to the Zimbabwean people. A country in Southern Africa that is known for Victoria Falls, one of the world's largest waterfalls, and for being home to the Zambian people.

 

Botswana Namibia
Swaziland South Africa
Mozambique Angola
Cultures Religions

 

A country in Southern Africa that is known for its vast deserts, including the Namib Desert, and for being home to the Namibian people. A landlocked country in Southern Africa that is known for the Okavango Delta, a vast inland delta that is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
A country in Southern Africa that is known for its diverse population, including people of African, European, and Asian descent, and for being home to the South African people. A small landlocked country in Southern Africa that is known for its traditional culture and for being home to the Swazi people.
A country in Southern Africa that is known for its oil reserves, diamonds, and rich cultural heritage, and for being home to the Angolan people. A country in Southern Africa that is known for its beaches, coral reefs, and wildlife reserves, and for being home to the Mozambican people.
Belief systems, often involving worship of a higher power, that are practiced by people around the world. The beliefs, customs, and ways of life of a particular group of people.

 

Languages Australia
New Zealand physical geography
human geography flora
fauna climate patterns

 

A country and continent in the southern hemisphere known for its vast wilderness areas, coral reefs, unique flora and fauna, and multicultural society. Systems of communication, often consisting of spoken and written words, that are used by people of different backgrounds to communicate with one another.
The study of natural features and processes of the Earth's surface, including landforms, climate, and water bodies. A country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean consisting of two main islands and numerous smaller islands known for its stunning landscapes, diverse wildlife, and cultural heritage of the Maori people.
The plants of a particular region or period, including all vascular plants, mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. The study of the human activities, behaviors, and interactions with the physical environment, including demographics, culture, politics, and economics.
The long-term average weather conditions of a particular region or period, including temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns. The animals of a particular region or period, including all animal life except humans.

 

natural resources economy
culture wilderness areas
coral reefs Indigenous cultures
Colonization Cultural diversity

 

The system of production, distribution, consumption, and trade of goods and services in a particular region or country. The materials or substances that occur naturally in the environment and can be used for economic gain, including minerals, forests, and water.
Sparsely populated and largely undeveloped regions of land, typically designated for preservation and protection of their natural and cultural resources. The beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a particular group or society.
The original cultures that existed in Australia and New Zealand prior to European colonization. Diverse ecosystems of marine organisms, built by colonies of tiny animals called coral polyps, that provide habitat and shelter for numerous fish and other species.
The range of cultural identities and practices that exist within Australia and New Zealand, including those that have developed as a result of interaction between European and Indigenous cultures. The process by which European settlers established control over Australia and New Zealand, leading to significant changes in the cultural diversity of these regions.

 

Aboriginal Australians Maori
Treaty of Waitangi Multiculturalism
Immigration Assimilation
Pluralism Identity politics

 

The Indigenous people of New Zealand, who have a distinct cultural identity and history, including a long history of interaction with European settlers and subsequent New Zealand government. The Indigenous peoples of Australia, who have a distinct cultural identity and history, including a long history of interaction with the British Empire and subsequent Australian government.
A policy and practice that seeks to recognize, respect, and promote the diversity of cultural identities and practices within a society. A treaty signed in 1840 between the British Crown and the Maori chiefs, which is considered a founding document of the modern state of New Zealand.
A policy and practice that seeks to integrate minorities into the dominant culture of a society, often through the suppression or erasure of minority cultural identities and practices. The process by which individuals or groups move from one country or region to another, often in search of new opportunities or freedom from persecution.
A term used to describe the ways in which minority groups mobilize around a shared cultural identity or experience in order to shape political discourse and policy. A policy and practice that seeks to recognize, respect, and promote the coexistence of multiple cultural identities and practices within a society, often through the creation of spaces and institutions for minority cultures.

 

Haka Polynesian Islands
Geographic location Historical background
Settlement Colonization
Culture Customs

 

A group of islands located in the central and southern Pacific Ocean, including Hawaii, Samoa, Tonga, and Fiji. A traditional Maori dance that is often performed at sporting events or other cultural gatherings, and which has become a symbol of Maori identity and pride in New Zealand.
The past events, people, and cultures that played a role in the settlement and colonization of the Polynesian Islands. The specific coordinates or location on the planet where the Polynesian Islands can be found.
The process by which a country or nation takes control of another territory, in this case the Polynesian Islands. The act of a group of people establishing a permanent community or town on the Polynesian Islands.
The traditional practices or activities of the Polynesian peoples that are often passed down from generation to generation. The shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize the beliefs and practices of the diverse Polynesian peoples.

 

Colonialism Impact
Art Music
Dance Pacific Island Nations
Location Characteristics

 

The effects or consequences of colonialism on the Polynesian Islands and its people, including social, economic, and cultural changes. The practice of acquiring and maintaining political control over another country or territory, often involving the forced exploitation and subjugation of its people and resources.
The artistic expression of the Polynesian peoples through sound, often using traditional instruments such as the ukulele, drums, and conch shells. The creative expression of the Polynesian peoples, including traditional practices such as weaving, tattooing, carving, and painting.
Group of islands located in the Pacific Ocean, comprising of countries such as Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa and Tonga. The rhythmic movement and performance of the Polynesian peoples, often accompanied by music and performed as a means of expression or storytelling.
Traits of the Pacific Island Nations include subtropical or tropical climates, varied topography, and a dependence on the ocean for food and transportation. The specific geographic location of the Pacific Island Nations, which is midway between Asia and North America, east of Australia, and south of the equator.

 

Major Geological Features Environmental Features
Culture Society
Modern History Diversity
People Appreciation

 

Environmental features of the Pacific Island Nations include diverse marine life, rainforests, and threats from climate change and natural disasters. Volcanic islands, coral reefs, and steep mountain ranges make up some of the major geological features of the Pacific Island Nations.
The social structures and norms of the Pacific Island Nations, including traditional communal living arrangements and kinship systems. The unique cultural practices, beliefs, and languages of the Pacific Island Nations, which are strongly influenced by Maori and Polynesian traditions.
The variety of ethnic groups, languages, and cultures represented in the Pacific Island Nations, which enriches the region's social fabric. Events and developments in the Pacific Island Nations since the 20th century, including colonialism, independence movements, and globalization.
Recognizing the value and significance of the Pacific Island Nations and their contributions to global diversity and sustainability. The inhabitants of the Pacific Island Nations, who have adapted to the unique environmental and cultural conditions of the region.

 

World Geography Course Papua New Guinea
Melanesia World Map
Physical Features Mountain Ranges
Islands Rainforest

 

A country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands. An academic course focused on the study of the physical, cultural, and political aspects of the world's regions, including the Pacific Island Nations.
A representation of the world showing the continents, oceans, and other geographic features. A region in the Pacific Ocean that includes the countries of Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and the French overseas territory of New Caledonia.
A series of mountains that are connected together and have a similar geological origin. Natural features of the landscape such as mountains, rivers, and valleys.
A dense forest that receives a high amount of rainfall and has a high level of biodiversity. A piece of land surrounded by water.

 

Tropical Climate Cyclone
Geography Culture
Traditional Society Papua New Guinea
Melanesia Cultural heritage

 

A weather system characterized by a low-pressure center and strong winds that spiral inward. A climate characterized by high average temperatures and high humidity all year round.
The shared values, beliefs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. The study of the physical and human features of the earth and their interactions.
A country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean known for its cultural diversity and traditional societies. A society that has preserved its cultural traditions and practices over time, often in contrast to 'modern' societies.
The traditions, customs, beliefs, and practices of a particular group or society, passed down from generation to generation. A region in the southwestern Pacific Ocean consisting of island countries and territories, including Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Vanuatu, and others.

 

Diverse Society
Economy Traditions
Impact Similarities
Differences Arctic Region

 

A community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations. Having a great variety or range of differences, particularly in cultural traditions and practices.
The customs, beliefs, and practices that are handed down from generation to generation within a particular society or culture. The system by which goods and services are produced, sold, and bought in a particular country or region.
The aspects of cultural traditions that are shared or common between different societies or cultures. The effect or influence that something has on a particular system, society, or culture.
The region around the Earth's North Pole, including the Arctic Ocean and parts of Canada, Russia, Greenland, the United States (Alaska), Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. The aspects of cultural traditions that are unique or distinct between different societies or cultures.

 

Climate Environment
Indigenous People Way of Life
Global Climate Environmental Systems
Map Latitude

 

The natural world in which people, animals, and plants live, including the air, land, water, and ecosystems. The average weather conditions in an area over a long period, including temperature, rainfall, and wind patterns.
The customs, traditions, beliefs, and practices that shape the daily lives of a particular group of people. Groups of people who are the original inhabitants of a region or country, and have a distinct culture, language, and traditions that are different from those of the dominant society.
The interconnected and complex natural processes that support life on Earth, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere. The long-term patterns of temperature and weather in different parts of the world, which are influenced by factors such as greenhouse gases, ocean currents, and solar activity.
The distance of a place north or south of the equator, measured in degrees. A visual representation of an area or region, usually showing the physical features, political boundaries, and other important information.

 

Longitude Glaciers
Icebergs Antarctic Region
Location Physical Features
Natural Resources Climate Change

 

Large masses of ice that form over many years as snow accumulates and compresses, and flow slowly under the influence of gravity. The distance of a place east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees.
A portion of earth's southernmost continent, circumpolar in nature and characterized by extreme cold and little precipitation. Large pieces of ice that break off from glaciers or ice shelves and float in the ocean, often posing a hazard to navigation.
The natural characteristics and topography of the Antarctic region, including glaciers, ice sheets, and mountains. The place or position of the Antarctic region on earth's surface.
The long-term shift in weather patterns, including temperature and precipitation levels, caused by human activity, notably the release of greenhouse gases. The resources found in the Antarctic region including fish, krill, and minerals such as iron, copper, and coal.

 

Impact Geopolitical Significance
Circumpolar Glaciers
Ice Sheets Krill
Minerals Antarctic Region

 

The strategic and political importance of the Antarctic region, which has no permanent inhabitants, but is subject to territorial claims by several nations. The effect or influence of climate change on the Antarctic region, including environmental changes and shifting ecosystems.
A large mass of ice that moves slowly over land, formed from the accumulation and compaction of snow. A term used to describe the geographic location of the Antarctic region, which surrounds the south pole.
A small, shrimp-like crustacean that is a key food source for many aquatic animals in the Antarctic region. A large body of ice on land that spreads out in all directions, covering the underlying terrain.
A region located at the South Pole that is known for its frigid temperatures and unique weather and climate patterns. Various substances found in the earth's crust that are valuable for their economic or industrial uses.

 

Climate Weather
Convection Albedo
Greenhouse effect Ice sheets
Antarctic Circumpolar Current Ozone depletion

 

The short-term atmospheric conditions in a particular region, including temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns. The long-term average weather conditions in a particular region, including temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns.
The reflectivity of a surface, often used in reference to how much sunlight is reflected by ice or snow in the Antarctic region. The transfer of heat within fluids (such as gases or liquids) via the movement of particles.
Large areas of ice that cover land, such as those found in the Antarctic region. The process by which gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat, warming the planet and contributing to climate change.
The gradual thinning of the ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere, particularly in the polar regions, which can have harmful effects on human health and the environment. A powerful ocean current that flows around the continent of Antarctica, helping to regulate global ocean temperature and climate patterns.

 

Sea ice Climate change
Global warming Antarctic Region
Human Impact Research
Conservation Environmental Balance

 

A long-term change in global weather patterns, often caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Frozen seawater that is unique to polar regions, including the Antarctic region.
A region surrounding the South Pole that is critically important for maintaining global ecological and environmental balance The gradual increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to rising levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The process of obtaining information to better understand the Antarctic region and the impacts of human activities on it The effects of human activities on the natural resources, wildlife and environment of the Antarctic region
The state where the ecological and environmental factors of the Antarctic region are in harmony and not disrupted by human activities The efforts to protect and preserve the Antarctic region and its natural resources, wildlife and environment

 

Wildlife Natural Resources
Monitoring Ecosystem
Climate Change Environmental Protection
Sustainability Arctic region

 

The materials and substances that occur naturally in the Antarctic region, such as minerals, water, fish, and krill The animals that live in the Antarctic region and its surrounding waters
A community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system The process of observing, collecting and analyzing data regularly to understand the changes in the Antarctic environment and to identify potential impacts of human activities
The efforts to protect the environment, including the Antarctic region, from potentially harmful human activities The long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years
The region located in the northernmost part of the Earth, encompassing the Arctic Ocean and parts of Canada, Russia, Greenland, the United States, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. The ability to maintain the Antarctic region's natural resources, wildlife and environment for the benefit of present and future generations

 

Antarctic region Geography
Climate Similarities
Differences Human activities
Impacts Ice sheets

 

The study of the physical features of the Earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries. The region located in the southernmost part of the Earth, encompassing the continent of Antarctica and its surrounding waters.
The comparison between two or more things that have similar characteristics or traits. The long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, wind, and other atmospheric conditions in a particular region or area.
Activities conducted by humans that have an impact on the environment, such as pollution, deforestation, and overfishing. The comparison between two or more things that have different characteristics or traits.
Massive sheets of ice and snow that cover land and extend over a large area, such as the ice sheets that cover much of Greenland and Antarctica. The effects or consequences that result from something, such as human activities on the environment.

 

Wildlife Ecosystems
Global warming Arctic
Antarctic Native peoples
Way of life Physical geography

 

The community of living and non-living things that interact with each other in a particular environment, such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions. The animals that live in a particular region or habitat, either in the wild or in captivity.
The region surrounding the North Pole, consisting of the Arctic Ocean and parts of Canada, Russia, Greenland, the United States, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. The gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels, which releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
The indigenous groups of the Arctic and Antarctic regions, including the Inuit, Yupik, Aleut, Saami, and various tribal groups of the Antarctic. The region surrounding the South Pole, consisting of the continent of Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean.
The study of the natural features and processes of the Earth's surface, including landforms, climate, vegetation, and water systems. The cultural practices, customs, and social organization of a particular group of people, including their traditional methods of hunting, fishing, and gathering food.

 

Polar ice caps Tundra
Modernization Cultural assimilation
Environmental degradation Indigenous rights
Sustainability Polar Regions

 

The treeless plain in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, characterized by low temperatures, permafrost, and the growth of mosses, lichens, and other vegetation adapted to the harsh environment. The large masses of ice that cover the North and South Pole regions, formed by the accumulation of snow over many years.
The process by which a minority group adopts the customs, values, and language of a dominant culture, often resulting in the loss of their own distinct cultural identity. The process of becoming modern, including the adoption of new technology, culture, and social organization, often at the expense of traditional ways of life.
The legal and moral entitlements of indigenous peoples to maintain their cultural heritage, land, and resources, and to be free from discrimination and exploitation. The deterioration of the natural environment due to human activities such as pollution, deforestation, and climate change.
The areas of the Earth surrounding the North and South poles. The ability to maintain a balance between human needs and the natural environment without depleting or damaging essential resources for future generations.

 

Climate change Ice melting
Glacier retreat Permafrost degradation
Ocean acidification Arctic sea ice
Polar bears Adaptation

 

The process of ice or snow transforming into liquid water. The long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants in the atmosphere.
The thawing of permanently frozen soil or rock layers, which can result in changes in the landscape and the release of trapped greenhouse gases. The movement of a glacier's margin away from the sea or lake that it terminates in.
Frozen seawater that covers the Arctic Ocean and surrounding seas, which has been decreasing in extent and thickness due to climate change. The decrease in pH levels of the Earth's oceans due to the absorption of carbon dioxide, which can harm marine life and ecosystems.
The process of adjusting to changes in the environment or conditions, such as developing new behaviors, physical traits, or technologies. A species of bear native to the Arctic, whose habitat and food supply is being threatened by climate change-induced melting of sea ice.

 

Mitigation Renewable energy
Paris Agreement Maps
Cartography Globes
Types of maps Purpose

 

Energy that comes from sources that can be replenished, such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass, and that do not produce carbon dioxide or other pollutants. The effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, limit global warming, and lessen the impacts of climate change through actions such as energy conservation, renewable energy, and carbon capture.
A visual representation of an area, typically on a flat surface, used to convey geographical information. An international treaty adopted in 2015 by 196 parties, which aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius, while fostering global cooperation, adaptation, and sustainable development.
A spherical representation of Earth or other celestial body, showing the shapes of continents and oceans. The science or art of making maps.
The reason for creating a map. It could be for navigation, planning, or education. Physical, political, topographic, thematic, climate, economic, resource, road, and more. Each type serves a different purpose.

 

Basic elements of a map Title
Legend Scale
North arrow Projection
Reading maps Interpreting maps

 

The name or label given to a map that describes its content. Title, legend, scale, north arrow, and projection are the basic elements of a map.
A ratio that compares the distance on a map to the actual distance on Earth. A key that explains the symbols and colors used on a map.
The method used to flatten a three-dimensional globe onto a two-dimensional map. A symbol on a map that points to the north direction.
The ability to use maps to answer questions and solve problems related to geography and other subjects. The ability to comprehend and decipher the information presented on a map. It involves analyzing symbols, scales, legend, and other elements.

 

mountains valleys
plateaus rivers
oceans continents
deserts glaciers

 

A low area of land between hills or mountains Large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level
A large natural stream of water that flows into an ocean, a lake, or another river A large flat area of elevated land that is higher than the surrounding land
Any of the world's main continuous expanses of land (Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America) A very large expanse of salt water that covers most of the Earth's surface and surrounds its landmasses
A slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles A barren or desolate area, especially a region of little rainfall, sparse vegetation, and often high temperatures

 

canyons islands
peninsulas volcanoes
Weather Climate
Difference Factors

 

A piece of land surrounded by water, smaller than a continent and completely surrounded by water A deep, narrow valley with steep sides, often with a stream or river flowing through it
A mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are or have been erupted from the earth's crust A piece of land almost surrounded by water or projecting out into a body of water
The average weather conditions in a particular region over a long period of time. The condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time.
The elements that contribute to the weather and climate of a region. The distinction or contrast between weather and climate.

 

Temperature Pressure
Humidity Wind
Climate Change Greenhouse gases
Global warming Impacts

 

The force exerted by the weight of the atmosphere due to the gravitational pull of the earth. A measure of the heat or coldness of an object or environment, usually measured in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius.
The movement of air from high pressure to low pressure areas. The amount of moisture present in the air.
Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere and contribute to global warming. The long-term alteration of the Earth's climate, especially a change caused by human activity.
The effects or consequences of climate change, such as rising sea levels, more frequent and severe weather events, and loss of biodiversity. The long-term trend of increasing average global temperatures due to human activity, predominantly the emission of greenhouse gases.

 

Water Cycle Evaporation
Condensation Precipitation
Transpiration Surface Runoff
Infiltration Groundwater

 

The process where water changes from liquid to gas due to heat from the sun. The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth.
The process where water droplets in the clouds combine and become heavy enough to fall to the ground. The process where water vapor in the air cools and changes back into liquid water.
Water that flows over the land surface and into streams and rivers. The process where water vapor is released by plants into the atmosphere.
Water that is stored underground in soil and rock crevices known as aquifers. The process where water seeps into the ground and becomes groundwater or enters aquifers.

 

Aquifer Hydrologic Cycle
Ecosystem Water Conservation
Mountains Plains
Plateaus Valleys

 

The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. A porous rock formation underground that stores water and allows it to flow through.
The practice of using less water to reduce waste and conserve resources. A community of living and nonliving things that interact with each other in an environment.
A landscape characterized by flat or gently rolling land. A landscape characterized by high elevation and steep slopes.
A landscape characterized by low elevation and surrounded by higher terrain. A landscape characterized by high elevation and relatively flat land on top.

 

Deserts Beaches
Islands Canyons
Peninsulas Tundra
Rainforests Caves

 

A landscape characterized by a strip of sand, pebbles, or rock along a body of water. A landscape characterized by low rainfall and sparse vegetation.
A landscape characterized by steep cliffs and narrow valleys carved by water. A landscape characterized by land surrounded by water.
A landscape characterized by low temperatures, low vegetation, and permafrost. A landscape characterized by land surrounded by water on three sides.
A landscape characterized by underground openings and passages. A landscape characterized by high precipitation and dense vegetation.

 

Weather Climate
Temperature Humidity
Precipitation Cloudiness
Wind Factors

 

The average weather conditions prevailing in an area over a long period of time. The state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind.
The amount of water vapor present in the air. A measure of how hot or cold something is, typically measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.
The fraction of the sky covered by clouds. Any form of water, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, that falls to the ground.
Anything that contributes causally to a result. The natural movement of air.

 

Patterns Impact
Human activities Maps
Graphs Charts
Weather Climate

 

The effect or influence of one thing on another. A discernible regularity in the world or in a manmade design.
A representation of an area, such as on a flat surface, as it appears when viewed from above. Actions undertaken by humans.
A graphical representation of data, in which symbols, such as bars, are used to represent data. A diagram showing the relation between variable quantities, typically of two variables, each measured along one of a pair of axes at right angles.
The long-term trends and patterns of atmospheric conditions in a certain area or region. The short-term atmospheric conditions of a certain area or region.

 

Temperature Precipitation
Air Pressure Humidity
Wind Elevation
Topography Latitude

 

The process of water falling from the atmosphere, often in the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail. The measurement of the degree of heat in the air, water, or soil of a certain area or region.
The amount of water vapor in the air of a certain area or region, influenced by temperature and precipitation. The weight of the atmosphere on a certain area or region, influenced by temperature, humidity, and altitude.
The height of land above sea level in a certain area or region, impacting temperature and precipitation patterns. The movement of air caused by differences in temperature and pressure in the atmosphere. Can have a significant impact on weather and climate.
The distance of a certain area or region from the equator, impacting temperature and precipitation patterns. The physical features of a certain area or region, including mountains, valleys, and bodies of water, which can impact weather and climate.

 

Ocean Currents Global Warming
climate change global warming
greenhouse gases climate feedbacks
ocean acidification sea level rise

 

The gradual increase in the Earth's average temperature due to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which can impact global weather patterns. The movement of ocean waters influenced by temperature and salinity, which can impact global climate patterns.
Refers specifically to the long-term warming of the planet's climate system, primarily due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere caused by human activities. Refers to long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and other weather patterns that have been occurring over several decades or more due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
The many complex interactions within the earth's climate system that amplify or diminish the impacts of climate change, such as the melting of polar ice caps and increased evaporation due to warmer temperatures. Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to the greenhouse effect, including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. These gases are released into the atmosphere through human activities such as burning fossil fuels and cutting down forests.
The gradual increase in global sea levels due to the melting of ice caps and glaciers and the thermal expansion of seawater as it warms, which can lead to flooding and erosion of coastal areas. The process by which the pH of seawater decreases due to the absorption of excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, leading to negative impacts on ocean ecosystems.

 

mitigation strategies adaptation strategies
carbon footprint renewable energy sources
energy efficiency carbon capture and storage
Extreme Weather Events Natural Disasters

 

Efforts to prepare for and minimize the impacts of climate change, such as building seawalls, restoring wetlands, and developing drought-resistant crops. Efforts to reduce or prevent the emission of greenhouse gases, such as transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and reducing deforestation.
Energy sources that can be replenished naturally and continuously, such as solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal energy. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions generated by an individual, organization, or activity, typically expressed as the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide released.
A technology that captures carbon dioxide emissions from power plants and industrial facilities and stores them underground or in other long-term storage facilities. The practice of using less energy to perform the same function, typically achieved through technological improvements and changes in behavior.
Catastrophic events that are caused by natural phenomena such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and earthquakes. Weather patterns that are severe or unusual and have the potential to cause significant damage and harm to society.

 

Climate Change Hurricane
Tornado Flood
Drought Heat Wave
Wildfire Earthquake

 

A tropical storm with winds of at least 74 mph that can cause significant damage and flooding along the coast. Changes in the Earth's climate that are attributed to human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
An overflow of water that submerges land that is normally dry and can cause significant damage to homes and infrastructure. A violent spinning column of air that forms during a thunderstorm and can cause significant damage to structures and communities.
A prolonged period of abnormally hot weather that can cause health problems, power outages, and other impacts on society. A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that can lead to crop failures, water shortages, and other economic and social impacts.
A sudden shaking of the Earth's crust that is caused by the movement of tectonic plates and can cause significant damage to buildings and infrastructure. An uncontrolled fire that occurs in vegetation and can cause significant damage to ecosystems and communities.

 

Storm Surge Emergency Management
Weather forecasting Climate research
Technologies Weather patterns
Planet Emerging technologies

 

The process of organizing and coordinating resources and responses to disasters and other emergencies, with the goal of minimizing harm and restoring normalcy as quickly as possible. An abnormal rise in sea level caused by a severe storm, such as a hurricane or cyclone.
The study of climate patterns over a long period of time, including factors such as temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric conditions. The use of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location.
The recurring conditions of the atmosphere in a particular place over time, such as temperature, precipitation, and humidity. Tools or devices used to make weather forecasts or to gather data about weather patterns.
New tools or devices that are being developed to help scientists better understand and predict weather patterns. The Earth, its atmosphere, and everything that exists on it or within it.

 

Techniques Evaluate
Climate change Ecosystems
Atmosphere Data
Landform Mountain

 

To assess the impact of climate change on weather patterns and ecosystems. Methods or processes that are used to carry out weather forecasting or climate research.
A community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment, interacting as a system. Changes in the Earth's climate, including rising temperatures, changes in precipitation, and more frequent extreme weather events, that are largely caused by human activities.
Facts, figures, or other information about weather patterns or climate conditions that can be collected, analyzed, and used to make forecasts or predictions. The layer of gases surrounding the Earth, held in place by gravity, which provides the air we breathe, protects us from the sun's harmful rays, and plays a crucial role in regulating the planet's temperature.
A landform that rises steeply (usually more than 1,000 feet) above its surrounding area. A natural feature of the earth's surface, such as mountains, valleys, plains, and plateaus.

 

Valley Plain
Plateau Canyon
Island Peninsula
Isthmus Delta

 

A large, flat area of land that has few trees and is often used for farming. A low area between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it.
A deep, narrow valley with steep sides, often with a river running through it. A large elevated area of land that is flat, or gently sloping and is higher than the surrounding area.
A piece of land bordered by water on three sides. A piece of land surrounded by water on all sides.
A fan-shaped deposit of sand and sediment at the mouth of a river. A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land masses.

 

Volcano Glacier
Erosion Weathering
Deposition Canyon
Delta Gorge

 

A large, slow-moving river of ice, formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow. A mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are being or have been erupted from the Earth's crust.
The physical, chemical, or biological breakdown of rocks, minerals, and soil over time. The process of wearing down or washing away of the Earth's surface, including rock, soil, and vegetation, by the action of water, wind, or other geological or atmospheric factors.
A deep, narrow valley with steep sides, often with a stream or river running through it. The process by which sediments, soil, and rocks are added to landforms by wind, water, or ice.
A deep, narrow valley with steep sides, usually carved by a river or stream. A landform at the mouth of a river where it empties into an ocean, sea, or lake, characterized by sediment deposition and unique ecological features.

 

Hill Plateau
Valley Landslide
Glacier Sand Dunes
Mountains Plateaus

 

A large flat area of high elevation, often with steep sides, cut by rivers flowing through deep canyons. A rounded, elevated landform with sloping sides and a summit lower than a mountain.
The movement of rock, earth, or debris down a slope, often caused by erosion or heavy rainfall. A low area of land between hills or mountains, often created by erosion or the flow of a river.
Hills of sand built by wind or water flow, often found at the beach or in deserts. A large mass of ice, formed from compacted snow, that slowly flows downhill, eroding and shaping its surroundings.
Flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side Large natural elevation of Earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level; generally greater in extent and height than a hill

 

Tectonic plates Volcanic mountains
Fold mountains Fault-block mountains
Isostasy Convergent boundaries
Divergent boundaries Transform boundaries

 

Mountain formed by volcanic activity, including volcanic eruptions of hot magma and ash Massive slabs of solid rock that make up the Earth's crust
Mountain formed by the breaking and uplift of rock along a fault line Mountain formed by the folding of rock layers, typically due to tectonic activity
Tectonic plate boundary in which two plates collide, resulting in the formation of mountains or plateaus Equilibrium of the Earth's crust and upper mantle, which determines the level at which the Earth's surface will stand
Tectonic plate boundary in which two plates slide past each other, resulting in earthquakes and faults Tectonic plate boundary in which two plates move away from each other, resulting in the formation of rift valleys and mid-ocean ridges

 

Subduction Continental drift
Volcano Magma
Lava Ash
Crater Caldera

 

Hypothesis that suggests that the Earth's continents were once joined together in a single landmass and have since drifted apart Process by which one tectonic plate sinks beneath another, often resulting in the formation of mountains or volcanic activity
Molten rock material that is found beneath the Earth's surface or within a volcano and can be erupted as lava. A mountain or hill with a crater or vent from which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are erupted from the Earth's crust.
The residual product of volcanic eruptions that is composed of fine-grained fragments of volcanic glass, mineral crystals, or both. Molten rock material that has flowed onto the Earth's surface from a volcano or fissure.
A large volcanic crater that forms when a volcano collapses on itself after a major eruption or series of eruptions. A bowl-shaped depression that forms at the summit of a volcano after an eruption.

 

Shield volcano Composite volcano
Lahar Pyroclastic flow
Hotspot Ring of Fire
Climatic events Landforms

 

A steep-sided volcano that is composed of layers of both lava and pyroclastic material, such as ash and tephra. A wide, gently sloping volcano with a broad base and low profile that is formed from layers of lava flows.
A high-density mixture of hot ash, rock fragments, and gas that moves rapidly down the slopes of a volcano during an explosive eruption. A volcanic mudflow or debris flow that can occur when snow and ice on a volcano melt during an eruption or when rain falls on loose volcanic material.
A horseshoe-shaped ring of active volcanoes and tectonic activity that surrounds the Pacific Ocean basin. A location on the Earth's surface where magma rises from the mantle to form a volcano. Hotspots are generally thought to be fixed relative to the overlying tectonic plates.
Natural physical features on the Earth's surface such as mountains, hills, valleys, and plateaus. Occurrences such as temperature changes, droughts, floods, and storms that can affect the formation and erosion of landforms.

 

Erosion Deposition
Glaciers Deserts
Coasts Plate tectonics
Climate change Mitigation

 

The process by which sediment, soil, and other natural materials are deposited or laid down in a new location, altering the shape and formation of landforms. The process by which wind, water, ice, and other natural agents wear away and remove soil and rock from the Earth's surface, changing the shape of landforms over time.
Dry, barren regions of the world that receive very little rainfall and are often characterized by sand dunes, rocky outcroppings, and other unique geological features. Large masses of ice that form over time in cold regions of the world, slowly moving, carving out valleys, and shaping the landscape as they erode and deposit sediment.
The theory that the Earth's crust is made up of large plates that move over time, causing earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other geologic events that can create or alter landforms. The regions where land meets the sea, often characterized by cliffs, sandy beaches, dunes, and other distinctive landforms shaped by waves, tides, and other coastal processes.
The process of implementing measures to reduce or prevent the negative impacts of climate change on landforms and ecosystems. The long-term shifts in global weather patterns and average temperatures that are believed to be caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.

 

Adaptation Ecosystems
Population growth Population decline
Demography Fertility rate
Mortality rate Migration

 

The communities of living organisms that exist within a given environment, interacting with each other and with the landforms, climate, and other natural factors that shape their habitats. The process of adjusting to the changes in landforms and ecosystems that result from climate change by developing new strategies and technologies, or by changing behavior and practices.
A decrease in the number of individuals in a population over time. An increase in the number of individuals in a population over time.
The average number of children born per woman in a specific population. The study of human populations, including their size, growth, and distribution.
The movement of people from one place to another. The number of deaths in a population, usually expressed per 1,000 individuals per year.

 

Natural increase Age structure
Population pyramid Dependency ratio
Carrying capacity Overpopulation
Population distribution Population density

 

The distribution of individuals by age in a population. The difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a population.
The ratio of dependent individuals (under 15 or over 64 years old) to the working-age population (15-64 years old). A graph that shows the age and sex distribution of a population.
A situation in which the number of individuals in a population exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment. The maximum number of individuals that an environment can support.
The measurement of the number of people per unit of land area. The pattern of where people live within an area or region.

 

Migration Urbanization
Emigration Immigration
Push factors Pull factors
Carrying capacity Population density maps

 

The process by which people move from rural to urban areas. The movement of people from one place to another.
The process of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. The process of leaving one's own country to live permanently in another.
Factors that attract people to a particular place, such as jobs or a better quality of life. Factors that cause people to leave their homes and migrate to another place.
Maps that show the distribution and density of population in an area or region. The maximum number of people or organisms that an area can support without causing damage to the environment.

 

Demographics Population growth rate
Aztecs Inca
Maya potlatch
quinceañera day of the dead

 

The rate at which the population of an area or region is growing or shrinking over time. The statistical characteristics of human populations, such as age, race, gender, and income.
The Inca were a South American culture located in the Andes mountains, known for their advanced engineering and masonry skills. The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture located in central Mexico, known for their complex social hierarchy and advanced agricultural practices.
A potlatch is a traditional gift-giving ceremony and feast that was practiced by various Indigenous cultures in the Pacific Northwest. The Maya were a Mesoamerican culture located in southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize, known for their advanced writing system and astronomical knowledge.
The Day of the Dead is a Mexican holiday that celebrates deceased loved ones with altars, offerings, and parades. A quinceañera is a celebration in many Latin American cultures that marks a girl's 15th birthday and transition into womanhood.

 

carnaval favela
inuit mestizo
zocalo calpulli
Religion Christianity

 

A favela is a slum or informal settlement that is common in many Brazilian cities. Carnaval is a festival that is celebrated in many Latin American and Caribbean countries before the start of Lent, featuring parades, dancing, and costumes.
Mestizo is a term used to describe people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry in Latin America. The Inuit are a group of Indigenous people who live in the Arctic regions of Canada, Alaska, and Greenland, known for their traditional hunting and fishing practices.
A calpulli was a pre-Columbian Aztec community that was organized around a shared farming territory, known for their collective labor practices and spiritual beliefs. A zocalo is a public square or plaza that is common in many Latin American cities.
The religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, focusing on the belief in one God, the Holy Trinity, and the salvation of the soul. A set of beliefs, practices, and values that binds believers in a relationship with a transcendent God or gods and with other believers.

 

Islam Judaism
Buddhism Hinduism
Sikhism Shinto
Taoism Confucianism

 

A monotheistic religion based on the belief in one God and the adherence to the Torah, the holy book containing Jewish law and tradition. A monotheistic religion founded in the 7th century by the prophet Muhammad, with the Quran as its holy text and the belief in one God, Allah.
A polytheistic religion that encompasses a wide range of beliefs and practices, including the caste system and the belief in reincarnation and liberation. A nontheistic religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, with the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as its main principles.
The indigenous religion of Japan, with a focus on the worship of nature and ancestors, and the belief in kami, or spirits or gods. A monotheistic religion founded in the 15th century in India, with the belief in one God and the importance of selfless service and equality.
A philosophical and ethical tradition that emphasizes social and political harmony, the importance of education and scholarship, and the Five Relationships. A nontheistic religion and philosophical tradition that emphasizes harmony with nature and the balance between yin and yang.

 

Diversity Cultural Significance
Economic Systems Capitalism
Socialism Communism
Mixed Economy Market Economy

 

The importance and meaning of cultural practices, beliefs, and values within a particular society or group, often reflecting historical, symbolic, or emotional significance. The range of differences and variations within a particular group or society, including but not limited to race, ethnicity, religion, language, culture, and geography.
An economic system in which private individuals or corporations own and operate the means of production and distribution for the purpose of generating profits. The system a society uses to produce, distribute, and consume goods and services.
An economic system in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. An economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and land, are collectively owned and operated by the community as a whole.
An economic system in which decisions about production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services are made by individuals and businesses in a competitive market. An economic system that includes elements of both capitalism and socialism, with some industries privately owned and others owned by the government.

 

Command Economy Traditional Economy
Globalization Economic Geography
Strengths Weaknesses
Globalization Economic geography

 

An economic system in which economic decisions, such as what to produce and how to distribute it, are based on custom, tradition, and historical precedent. An economic system in which the government controls production, distribution, and pricing of goods and services.
The study of how economic activities and processes vary spatially, how they interact with human and environmental factors, and how they shape the landscape. The process by which businesses, technologies, and cultures spread throughout the world, leading to increased interconnectedness and interdependence between countries.
The negative aspects of an economic system, such as inequalities in the distribution of wealth, environmental degradation, or lack of innovation. The positive aspects of an economic system, such as its ability to create wealth, promote innovation, or provide access to goods and services.
The study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world. The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

 

Interdependence Outsourcing
Multinational corporation Trade liberalization
Cultural homogenization Capital flow
Tariffs Global supply chain

 

The practice of hiring workers outside a company to perform services and produce goods that were previously done in-house. The dependence of countries on each other for trade and resources.
The removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods between countries. A large corporation that has operations in multiple countries.
The movement of money or investments between countries. The process by which different cultures become more similar or homogeneous due to the influence of global media and communication technologies.
The network of businesses and suppliers involved in the creation and distribution of goods on a global scale. Taxes imposed on imported goods to increase their price and protect domestic industries.

 

Sweatshops Fiscal policy

 

The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy and achieve policy objectives. Factories or workplaces where workers are subject to poor working conditions, low pay, and long hours.