| What is the lesson topic? | What is one lesson objective? |
| What is another lesson objective? | What is the final lesson objective? |
| What age range is this suitable for? | Why is it important to identify popular UK regions for tourism? |
| What factors contribute to the popularity of UK regions for tourism? | What are three popular UK regions for tourism? |
| Explain the importance of identifying popular UK regions for tourism | Identifying the Most Popular UK Regions for Tourism |
| Analyze the factors contributing to the popularity of these regions | Identify the most popular UK regions for tourism |
| To attract more tourists and generate revenue | 15 |
| London, Edinburgh, Cornwall | History, culture, activities, attractions, accessibility |
| What historical sites can be found in UK regions popular for tourism? | What outdoor activities are popular in UK regions for tourism? |
| What famous attractions can be found in UK regions popular for tourism? | What is a popular cultural event in one of these UK regions? |
| What transportation options are available for tourists in UK regions? | What is the climate like in some UK regions popular for tourism? |
| How can the popularity of UK regions for tourism affect the local economy? | What are some popular tourist regions? |
| Hiking, cycling, surfing | Stonehenge, Buckingham Palace, Edinburgh Castle |
| The Edinburgh Fringe Festival | The London Eye, Loch Ness, the Eden Project |
| Varies from temperate to cold and wet | Buses, trains, taxis, rental cars |
| Popular tourist regions include countries like France, India, and Egypt. | It can create jobs, stimulate growth, and attract new businesses |
| Why are these regions popular among tourists? | How does tourism impact these regions? |
| What are some examples of popular tourist attractions in these regions? | What is the main reason people visit tourist regions? |
| What are some potential negative impacts of tourism? | What are some ways to minimize negative impacts of tourism? |
| How do tourist regions benefit from international visitors? | What are some important cultural traditions in popular tourist regions? |
| Tourism can have both positive and negative impacts on these regions. While it can bring in revenue and help support local businesses, it can also put strain on natural resources and cultural heritage sites. | These regions are popular among tourists because they offer unique experiences and attractions, such as historical landmarks, beautiful landscapes, and cultural traditions. |
| The main reason people visit tourist regions is to experience and learn about new cultures and places. | Examples of popular tourist attractions in these regions could include the Eiffel Tower in France, the Taj Mahal in India, and the pyramids in Egypt. |
| Ways to minimize negative impacts of tourism could include implementing sustainable tourism practices, limiting the number of visitors, and educating tourists about cultural norms and conservation efforts. | Some potential negative impacts of tourism could include environmental damage, increased traffic and congestion, and loss of cultural heritage. |
| Important cultural traditions in popular tourist regions could include food, music, dance, and festivals. | Tourist regions benefit from international visitors by receiving revenue from tourism-related activities and sales, which can help support local economies. |
| What are some potential threats to cultural heritage in these regions? | What are some examples of cultural attractions? |
| What are some examples of natural attractions? | Why are cultural and natural attractions important to the tourism industry? |
| What are some characteristics of cultural attractions? | What are some characteristics of natural attractions? |
| What are some cultural attractions found in the United States? | What are some natural attractions found in Europe? |
| Museums, monuments, festivals. | Potential threats to cultural heritage in these regions could include over-tourism, urbanization, and conflict. |
| They attract visitors and generate revenue. | National parks, beaches, mountains. |
| They are often scenic and provide opportunities for outdoor activities. | They are often tied to history and heritage. |
| The Swiss Alps, the beaches of the Mediterranean, the fjords of Norway. | The Statue of Liberty, the Smithsonian museums, the Grand Ole Opry. |
| What are some cultural attractions found in Asia? | What are some natural attractions found in South America? |
| What is the importance of preserving cultural and natural attractions? | What are some challenges involved in managing cultural and natural attractions? |
| How do cultural and natural attractions affect local communities? | What are the benefits of sustainable tourism? |
| What are some examples of ecotourism? | What are some differences between mass tourism and alternative forms of tourism? |
| The Amazon rainforest, the Andes mountains, the beaches of Brazil. | The Great Wall of China, the temples of Angkor Wat, the Taj Mahal. |
| Balancing tourism with conservation, protecting against overdevelopment. | To maintain their significance and value for future generations. |
| Protecting the environment, supporting local cultures, and providing social and economic benefits. | They can provide economic opportunities and create jobs. |
| Mass tourism tends to prioritize quantity over quality, while alternative forms of tourism focus on smaller, more sustainable experiences. | Visiting national parks, taking nature walks, participating in conservation efforts. |
| What is the importance of marketing in the travel and tourism industry? | What are some of the marketing techniques used in promoting UK regions as tourist destinations? |
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of advertising as a marketing technique for promoting UK regions as tourist destinations? | What are the strengths and weaknesses of PR as a marketing technique for promoting UK regions as tourist destinations? |
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of direct marketing as a marketing technique for promoting UK regions as tourist destinations? | What are the strengths and weaknesses of social media marketing as a marketing technique for promoting UK regions as tourist destinations? |
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of content marketing as a marketing technique for promoting UK regions as tourist destinations? | What are some examples of successful marketing campaigns for promoting UK regions as tourist destinations? |
| Some of the marketing techniques used include advertising, PR, direct marketing, social media marketing, and content marketing, among others. | Marketing is an essential tool for promoting travel and tourism businesses and attracting visitors to different destinations. |
| Strengths include credibility and positive brand association, while weaknesses include limited audience reach. | Strengths include wide audience reach, while weaknesses include high cost and low audience engagement. |
| Strengths include wide audience reach and low cost, while weaknesses include low audience engagement and potential for negative feedback. | Strengths include targeted audience reach, while weaknesses include cost and limited audience engagement. |
| Examples include VisitScotland's 'Spirit of Scotland' campaign and VisitBritain's 'GREAT Britain' campaign. | Strengths include high audience engagement and brand awareness, while weaknesses include cost and time investment. |
| How can businesses evaluate the effectiveness of their marketing strategies for promoting UK regions as tourist destinations? | What are some challenges that businesses face when marketing UK regions as tourist destinations? |
| What role do collaborations and partnerships play in promoting UK regions as tourist destinations? | What are some ethical considerations that businesses must take into account when marketing UK regions as tourist destinations? |
| How do businesses ensure that their marketing strategies are inclusive and diverse? | What are some future trends in travel and tourism marketing? |
| What are the key components of a successful marketing plan? | What is a unique selling point? |
| Challenges include competition, changing consumer preferences and behaviors, seasonality, and economic factors. | Businesses can evaluate effectiveness through metrics such as audience reach, engagement, conversion rates, and return on investment. |
| Ethical considerations include accurately representing destinations and experiences, avoiding misleading or false advertising, and respecting local cultures and communities. | Collaborations and partnerships can help businesses leverage each other's strengths to reach a wider audience and create more impactful marketing campaigns. |
| Future trends include increased use of artificial intelligence, personalized marketing, and a focus on sustainability and responsible tourism. | Businesses can ensure inclusivity and diversity through careful target audience selection, diverse representation in marketing materials, and sensitivity to cultural differences. |
| A unique selling point is a feature or benefit of a product or service that sets it apart from competitors and attracts customers. | The key components of a successful marketing plan include identifying the target audience, understanding the unique selling points of the product or service, setting specific goals, creating a budget, developing a timeline, and choosing the right marketing tactics. |
| How can you identify the target audience for a marketing plan? | What is a marketing strategy? |
| Why is it important to align a marketing strategy with the goals and values of a region? | What is a marketing plan? |
| What are some common marketing tactics? | Why is it important to set specific goals in a marketing plan? |
| What is a budget? | What is a timeline? |
| A marketing strategy is a plan of action that outlines how a company will promote its products or services to achieve specific goals. | To identify the target audience, you can analyze demographic information such as age, gender, income, and location, as well as psychographic information such as values, beliefs, and interests. |
| A marketing plan is a detailed document that outlines the tactics, budget, and timeline for implementing a marketing strategy. | Aligning a marketing strategy with the goals and values of a region helps to ensure that the company's message resonates with the local community and can result in increased customer loyalty and brand awareness. |
| Setting specific goals helps to ensure that the company is clear about what it wants to achieve and can measure the success of its marketing efforts. | Common marketing tactics include advertising, public relations, direct marketing, social media marketing, and event marketing. |
| A timeline is a schedule that outlines when each marketing activity will take place and how long it will last. | A budget is a financial plan that outlines how much money a company can spend on its marketing activities. |
| How can you evaluate the effectiveness of a marketing plan? | What is the purpose of making adjustments to a marketing plan? |
| What is customer loyalty? | What is brand awareness? |
| What is the importance of effective marketing in the travel and tourism industry? | What are some different marketing techniques used in the travel and tourism industry? |
| How can businesses determine the effectiveness of their marketing techniques in the travel and tourism industry? | Why is it important to assess the effectiveness of marketing techniques in promoting the NCFE LEVEL 2 CERTIFICATE IN TRAVEL AND TOURISM course? |
| The purpose of making adjustments to a marketing plan is to improve its effectiveness and ensure that it continues to meet the company's goals over time. | You can evaluate the effectiveness of a marketing plan by measuring key performance indicators such as sales, website traffic, customer engagement, and brand awareness. |
| Brand awareness is the extent to which consumers are familiar with and recognize a specific brand. | Customer loyalty is when customers choose to repeatedly purchase products or services from a specific company over a long period of time. |
| Some different marketing techniques used in the travel and tourism industry include advertising, public relations, direct marketing, and digital marketing. | Effective marketing is crucial in the travel and tourism industry as it helps attract potential customers, helps increase sales, and contributes to the overall success of businesses in the industry. |
| It is important to assess the effectiveness of marketing techniques in promoting the NCFE LEVEL 2 CERTIFICATE IN TRAVEL AND TOURISM course to ensure that the marketing efforts are reaching the right audience and driving enrollment for the course. | Businesses can determine the effectiveness of their marketing techniques in the travel and tourism industry by tracking metrics such as website traffic, social media engagement, and sales data. |
| What is advertising? | What is public relations? |
| What is direct marketing? | What is digital marketing? |
| What are some metrics used to track the effectiveness of marketing techniques in the travel and tourism industry? | How can businesses use customer feedback to improve their marketing techniques in the travel and tourism industry? |
| What is meant by tourism infrastructure? | How does tourism impact infrastructure? |
| Public relations is a marketing technique used to maintain and improve the image and reputation of a business or organization through media coverage, press releases, and events. | Advertising is a marketing technique used to promote products or services to a specific audience through mediums such as television, radio, print and digital media. |
| Digital marketing is a marketing technique that utilizes digital channels such as social media, search engines, and online advertising to reach and engage with customers. | Direct marketing is a marketing technique used to target specific individuals or groups through methods such as email marketing, direct mail, and telemarketing. |
| Businesses can use customer feedback to improve their marketing techniques in the travel and tourism industry by identifying areas of improvement, addressing customer concerns, and tailoring marketing efforts to better meet customer needs. | Some metrics used to track the effectiveness of marketing techniques in the travel and tourism industry include website traffic, social media engagement, sales data, and customer feedback. |
| Tourism can put strain on infrastructure, leading to increased wear and tear, congestion, and environmental degradation. However, tourism can also provide economic benefits that can help improve infrastructure. | Tourism infrastructure refers to the physical and organizational structures that support tourism activities, such as transportation systems, accommodations, and tourist attractions. |
| What are some negative impacts of tourism on infrastructure? | What are some strategies for mitigating the negative effects of tourism on infrastructure? |
| How can tourism benefit infrastructure? | What are some examples of tourism infrastructure? |
| How can tourism infrastructure impact local communities? | What is sustainable tourism? |
| What are some challenges associated with evaluating the impact of tourism on infrastructure? | What factors should be considered when evaluating the impact of tourism on infrastructure? |
| Strategies to mitigate negative effects of tourism include improving transportation systems to reduce congestion, developing sustainable tourism practices, and imposing taxes or fees to fund infrastructure improvements. | Some negative impacts of tourism on infrastructure include overcrowding, traffic congestion, strain on public utilities, and damage to natural resources. |
| Tourism infrastructure can include hotels, restaurants, airports, public parks, and tourist attractions. | Tourism can provide revenue that can be used to fund infrastructure improvements, such as transportation projects and public facilities. |
| Sustainable tourism refers to tourism that minimizes negative impacts on the environment and local cultures while providing economic benefits to host communities. | Tourism infrastructure can bring economic benefits to local communities, such as job creation and increased revenue. However, it can also lead to cultural changes and environmental degradation. |
| Factors include the type and scale of tourism, the condition of existing infrastructure, and the capacity of local communities to accommodate tourism. | Challenges include the difficulty in measuring the economic and social impacts of tourism, as well as the complex relationships between tourism and infrastructure. |
| How can tourists contribute to sustainable tourism practices? | How can local communities benefit from sustainable tourism? |
| What role do governments play in promoting sustainable tourism practices? | What are some examples of successful sustainable tourism initiatives? |
| How can tourism impact the environment? | How can sustainable tourism practices reduce negative impacts on the environment? |
| What are some examples of sustainable tourism practices? | How can tourism impact local cultures? |
| Sustainable tourism can provide economic benefits to local communities through job creation, increased revenue, and the preservation of local environments and cultures. | Tourists can contribute to sustainable tourism by choosing environmentally and socially responsible tourism activities, supporting local businesses, and being respectful of local cultures and traditions. |
| Examples include eco-tourism projects, conservation efforts, and community-based tourism initiatives. | Governments can play a role in promoting sustainable tourism through regulations, policies, and incentives that encourage environmentally and socially responsible tourism practices. |
| Sustainable tourism practices can reduce negative impacts by promoting conservation, minimizing waste, and using renewable resources. | Tourism can impact the environment through increased pollution, damage to natural habitats, and the depletion of natural resources. |
| Tourism can impact local cultures through the commodification of cultural traditions and the creation of cultural stereotypes. | Examples include using renewable energy sources, minimizing waste through recycling and composting, and implementing conservation programs. |
| How can sustainable tourism practices preserve local cultures? | What are some of the infrastructure challenges facing the travel and tourism industry? |
| Why is it important to propose solutions to these challenges? | What factors should be considered when evaluating possible solutions? |
| How can effective proposals be developed for addressing infrastructure challenges? | What are some effective ways to communicate proposals persuasively? |
| What are some benefits of addressing infrastructure challenges in travel and tourism? | What are some potential challenges to implementing proposed solutions? |
| Possible answers may include lack of transportation options, limited access to remote destinations, outdated or insufficient facilities, etc. | Sustainable tourism practices can support the preservation of local cultures by promoting cultural exchange, supporting local arts and traditions, and respecting cultural heritage sites. |
| Factors may include cost, feasibility, sustainability, impact on the local communities and environment, etc. | Proposing solutions can help improve the experience for travelers and boost the tourism industry, which can have positive economic impacts. |
| Effective communication may involve using visual aids, presenting data and relevant examples, highlighting the benefits of the proposed solution, anticipating and addressing potential objections, etc. | Proposals should be well-researched and articulate, clearly outlining the problem, proposed solution, costs and benefits, and potential challenges and limitations. |
| Challenges may include limited resources or funding, resistance from stakeholders, legal or regulatory barriers, environmental or social impacts, etc. | Benefits may include improved traveler experience and satisfaction, increased revenue for tourism-related businesses, job creation, economic growth, and improved infrastructure in local communities. |
| How can communities and businesses work together to address infrastructure challenges? | What role does technology play in addressing infrastructure challenges in travel and tourism? |
| What are some potential negative impacts of addressing infrastructure challenges? | What is the definition of tourism infrastructure? |
| What are some examples of accommodation infrastructure? | What is transportation infrastructure in the context of tourism? |
| What is the difference between hard and soft tourism infrastructure? | What is cultural infrastructure? |
| Technology can help improve efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility in transportation and infrastructure, and can also improve traveler experience through the use of smart devices and digital platforms. | Collaboration and partnerships between different stakeholders can help identify shared goals and priorities, and create more effective and sustainable solutions. |
| Tourism infrastructure refers to the physical and organizational structures that are used by travelers and tourism service providers to facilitate tourism activities. | Negative impacts may include displacement of local communities, damage to the environment, increased tourism and development leading to overcrowding, etc. |
| Transportation infrastructure refers to the physical structures and systems used to transport people and goods for tourism purposes, including airports, train stations, highways, and public transportation systems. | Examples of accommodation infrastructure include hotels, motels, resorts, lodges, and bed-and-breakfasts. |
| Cultural infrastructure includes museums, historical sites, and cultural centers that provide tourists with an understanding of the local culture and history. | Hard tourism infrastructure consists of physical structures, while soft tourism infrastructure involves non-physical elements such as marketing and tourism policies. |
| What is environmental infrastructure? | What is the importance of tourism infrastructure? |
| How can tourism infrastructure impact the environment? | What are some examples of tourism infrastructure in your local community? |
| What are some challenges associated with developing and maintaining tourism infrastructure? | What is sustainable tourism? |
| Why is sustainable tourism important? | What are some strategies for developing a sustainability plan for a tourism destination? |
| Tourism infrastructure plays a critical role in attracting and accommodating travelers, improving their experience, and contributing to the local economy. | Environmental infrastructure includes natural landscapes, parks, and other eco-friendly attractions that promote sustainable tourism practices. |
| Examples may include local hotels, restaurants, visitor centers, and transportation systems. | Tourism infrastructure can impact the environment by causing pollution, habitat destruction, and resource depletion if not managed responsibly. |
| Sustainable tourism is tourism that considers the long-term impact on the environment, local communities, and the economy. | Challenges may include funding, environmental concerns, and managing the influx of tourists while maintaining the local culture and community identity. |
| Some strategies for developing a sustainability plan for a tourism destination include promoting local culture and traditions, managing waste and energy use, conserving water resources, and supporting local businesses. | Sustainable tourism is important because it helps to preserve natural and cultural resources, creates economic opportunities for local communities, and reduces negative impacts on the environment. |
| What is the impact of tourism on the environment? | How does tourism impact local communities? |
| What is responsible tourism? | What are some responsible tourism practices? |
| Why is it important to develop a sustainability and responsible tourism plan for a popular UK region? | What are some challenges to developing a sustainability and responsible tourism plan? |
| What are some potential benefits of developing a sustainability and responsible tourism plan? | How can tourists contribute to sustainable and responsible tourism practices? |
| Tourism can have both positive and negative impacts on local communities. Positive impacts may include economic opportunities and cultural exchange, while negative impacts may include displacement of local residents and cultural commodification. | Tourism can have negative impacts on the environment, including pollution, habitat destruction, and overuse of natural resources. |
| Responsible tourism practices may include supporting local businesses, conserving natural resources, respecting local cultures and traditions, and minimizing waste and energy use. | Responsible tourism is tourism that takes into account its impact on the environment, local communities, and the economy and seeks to minimize negative impacts while maximizing positive ones. |
| Some challenges to developing a sustainability and responsible tourism plan may include resistance from established businesses, lack of resources or funding, and conflicting priorities and stakeholders. | Developing a sustainability and responsible tourism plan for a popular UK region is important because it helps to ensure the long-term viability of the local tourism industry and the preservation of natural and cultural resources for future generations. |
| Tourists can contribute to sustainable and responsible tourism practices by supporting local businesses, minimizing waste and energy use, respecting local cultures and traditions, and educating themselves about the impacts of tourism on the environment and local communities. | Some potential benefits of developing a sustainability and responsible tourism plan may include increased economic opportunities, improved environmental and social outcomes, and enhanced reputation for the region as a sustainable tourism destination. |
| What role do governments and policy-makers play in promoting sustainable and responsible tourism? | How can communities be involved in the development of a sustainability and responsible tourism plan? |
| What are some potential drawbacks of focusing on sustainability in tourism development? | How can the tourism industry balance economic growth with environmental and social responsibility? |
| What is sustainability? | What is responsible tourism? |
| What are the environmental impacts of tourism? | What are the economic impacts of tourism? |
| Communities can be involved in the development of a sustainability and responsible tourism plan through consultations, partnerships with local businesses, and involvement in the planning and decision-making processes. | Governments and policy-makers can play a key role in promoting sustainable and responsible tourism by creating policies and regulations that incentivize businesses to adopt environmentally and socially responsible practices, promoting conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, and supporting local communities in the development of sustainable tourism strategies. |
| The tourism industry can balance economic growth with environmental and social responsibility by implementing sustainable tourism practices and seeking to minimize negative impacts on the environment and local communities while maximizing positive impacts such as job creation and economic growth. | Some potential drawbacks of focusing on sustainability in tourism development may include increased costs and regulatory burdens for businesses, reduced competitiveness of the tourism industry, and decreased revenue from traditional forms of tourism. |
| Responsible tourism is tourism that takes into account the needs of local communities, the environment, and the economy, and seeks to minimize negative impacts while maximizing benefits. | Sustainability is the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. |
| Tourism can have both positive and negative economic impacts, such as job creation, income generation, and increased local development, but also dependence on tourism and economic leakage. | Tourism can lead to a range of environmental impacts, such as pollution, habitat destruction, and depletion of natural resources. |
| What are the social impacts of tourism? | What is ecotourism? |
| What is community-based tourism? | What is sustainable tourism certification? |
| What are some sustainable tourism practices? | What is the role of tourists in sustainable and responsible tourism? |
| What are the benefits of sustainable and responsible tourism? | What are the challenges of promoting sustainable and responsible tourism? |
| Ecotourism is a form of sustainable tourism that emphasizes responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people. | Tourism can have both positive and negative social impacts, such as cultural exchange, improved infrastructure and services, and community development, but also cultural commodification, erosion of traditional practices, and social conflicts. |
| Sustainable tourism certification is a process by which tourism businesses and destinations are certified as meeting certain sustainability standards and practices. | Community-based tourism is a form of tourism that involves local communities in the planning and management of tourism activities, and seeks to provide economic, social, and cultural benefits to those communities. |
| Tourists play an important role in sustainable and responsible tourism by choosing environmentally and socially responsible tourism businesses and activities, respecting local customs and traditions, reducing their environmental impact, and contributing to local development. | Sustainable tourism practices include reducing energy and water use, promoting local products and services, encouraging responsible behavior among tourists, and minimizing waste and pollution. |
| Challenges include lack of awareness and understanding, lack of resources and funding, resistance to change, and lack of governmental support and regulation. | The benefits of sustainable and responsible tourism include environmental protection, economic development, and social and cultural preservation. |
| What is the difference between sustainable tourism and sustainable development? | What is the role of governments in promoting sustainable and responsible tourism? |
| What is the concept of sustainability? | What is responsible tourism? |
| Why is it important to evaluate sustainability and responsible tourism practices? | What are some examples of sustainable tourism? |
| What is the difference between sustainable and responsible tourism? | What are some popular UK regions for tourism? |
| Governments can play a key role in promoting sustainable and responsible tourism by setting regulations and standards, providing funding and support, and promoting awareness and education. | Sustainable tourism is a subset of sustainable development, which seeks to meet the needs of the present while preserving the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable tourism specifically focuses on the tourism industry and its impacts on the environment, economy, and local communities. |
| Tourism that takes into account the impacts it has on local communities, economies and environments and actively works to mitigate any negative effects | The ability to maintain or preserve resources for future generations |
| Ecotourism, community-based tourism, and cultural tourism | To ensure that tourism is developed in a way that benefits the environment, local communities and the economy in the long-term |
| London, Edinburgh, York, Cornwall, Lake District, and Cotswolds | Sustainable tourism focuses on preserving the environment, while responsible tourism takes into account the impact on local communities and economies as well |
| How can you evaluate sustainability and responsible tourism practices in a region? | What are some benefits of sustainable and responsible tourism practices? |
| Why should tourism be sustainable and responsible? | What is ecotourism? |
| What is community-based tourism? | What is cultural tourism? |
| What is the Green Tourism certification? | What is the VisitEngland Sustainability Scheme? |
| Positive impacts on the local economy, preservation of the environment, and cultural exchange | Look for certifications, check if the tourism activities respect local cultures and environment, and find out if locals benefit from the tourism |
| Tourism that focuses on non-intrusive, nature-based activities that contribute to environmental protection, conservation, and sustainability | To ensure that future generations can enjoy the benefits of tourism, and to minimize any negative impacts the industry may have on local communities and the environment |
| Tourism that focuses on experiencing the local culture, art, history, and traditions in a respectful and sustainable way | Tourism that engages and benefits the local community by allowing visitors to experience the local culture, traditions, and way of life |
| A sustainable tourism certification program that promotes environmentally and socially responsible tourism in England | A sustainable tourism certification program that reviews the environmental and ethical performance of tourism businesses |
| What does it mean to 'leave no trace'? | |
| To leave a place the same as it was found, without leaving any evidence of human impact | |