Unit 1 - Recursion

Subunit 1 - Recursion

1.1.1. Recursion
Recursion Introduction to Recursion | The Base Case | The Recursive Case | Call Stack | How the Stack Works in Recursion | Factorial Example | Recursive Breakdown of factorial(5) Call |
Recursion / Base Case / Recursive Case / Call stack / Stack overflow / Backtracking / Stack / Unwinding / Return Address / Stack Frame /

Unit 2 - Abstract Data Structures

Subunit 1 - Linked Lists

2.1.1. Linked Lists
2.1.2. Circular Linked Lists

Subunit 2 - Stacks

2.2.1. Stacks
Stacks Stacks | Basic Operations | Use cases for stacks | Stack Implementation with a list |
Stack / Push / Pop / Peek /

Subunit 3 - Queues

2.3.1. Queues
Linear Queue Introduction | Queue operations | Linear Queue Demo |
Circular Queue Circular Queues | Circular Queue Operations | Circular Queue Interactive Demonstration |
Priority Queue Priority Queue | Priority queue operations | Priority queue applications |
Circular Queue / rear pointer / isFull / head / Priority Queue / Peek /

Subunit 4 - Trees

2.4.1. Binary Trees
binary tree /
2.4.2. Non-binary trees
2.4.3. Tree Traversal
Tree Traversal Tree Traversal | In-order Tree Traversal | In-Order Tree Traversal Demonstration | Preorder Tree Traversal | Pre-Order Traversal Applications | Pre-Ordered Traversal Animation | Post-order tree traversal | Applications of Post Order Traversal | Post Ordered Traversal Demonstration |
Binary tree / Pre-order traversal / In-order traversal / Post-order traversal / Depth-first search / Breadth-first search / Binary search tree /

Unit 3 - Resource Management

Subunit 1 - Processer Management

3.1.1. Polling vs Interrupts
Polling vs Interrupts Polling | Use Cases for Polling | Advantages of Polling | Disadvantages of Polling | Interrupts | Use cases for Interrupts | Advantages of Interrupts | Disadvantages of Interrupts | Interrupt Controller |
Polling / Interrupts / Interrupt Vector / Polling Loop / Interrupt Request (IRQ) / Interrupt Latency / Vectored Interrupts / Race condition / Deadlock / Concurrency / Thread /
3.1.2. Process Scheduling
First Come First Served Scheduling Example Jobs Table | FCFS Process Schedule | Calculating Turnaround Time | Pros of First Come First Served Scheduling | Disadvantages of First Come First Served Scheduling |
EASY Backfilling Scheduling EASY Backfilling Scheduling Algorithm | EASY Backfilling Example | Advantages of EASY Backfilling Scheduling | Disadvantages of EASY Backfilling Scheduling |
Round Robin Scheduling Round Robin Scheduling | Initialisation & Time Slicing | Execution & Preemption | Queue Rotation & Loop Back | Advantages of Round Robin Scheduling | Disadvantages of Round Robin Scheduling |
First Come First Served Scheduling / Scheduling / Policy / Arrival Order / Execution Order / Preemptive / Non-preemptive / Task / Process / Arrival Time / Execution Time / Turnaround Time / Waiting Time / Context Switching / Starvation / Preemption / Burst Time / Round Robin Scheduling / Backfilling / Round Robin Process Scheduling / Time Quantum / Scheduling Algorithm /
3.1.3. Pipelining
Processor Pipelining Introduction to Processor Pipelining | Pipelining Stages | Pipelining Parallelism & Overlap | Advantages of Pipelining | Disadvantages of Pipelining |
Processor Pipelining / Instruction Pipeline / Pipeline Hazard / Data Hazard / Structural Hazard / Pipeline Flush / Hazard /
3.1.4. Measuring Processor Performance
Measuring Processor Performance Clock Speed | Instructions Per Cycle (IPC) | MIPS (Million Instructions Per Second) | Benchmarking | Real-World Performance | Latency and Response Time | Power Efficiency: | Parallelism and Multithreading |
Clock Speed / Instructions Per Cycle (IPC) / Cache Memory / Benchmarking / Thermal Design Power (TDP) / Overclocking / Response Time / Throughput / FLOPS (Floating-Point Operations Per Second) / Memory Bandwidth / Hyper-Threading /

Subunit 2 - Memory Management

3.2.4. Virtual Memory & Paging
Virtual Memory & Paging Virtual Memory & Paging | Virtual Address Spaces | Physical Address space | Page Table | Memory Management Unit (MMU) | Translation Lookaside Buffer | Page Fault / Page Table Miss | Step 1 - Search the TLB | Step 2 - Walking the Page Table | Step 3 - Write Back to TLB | Step 4 - Page Fault | Step 5 - Paging In | Stage 6 - Paging Out | Step 7 - Page Table Update & Process Restart |
Virtual Memory / Paging / Page Table / Page Fault / Translation Lookaside Buffer / Swap Space / Frame / Memory Mapping / Thrashing /
3.2.4. Memory Performance Factors
Memory Performance Factors Memory bandwidth | Memory Type | Clock Speed | Memory Channel Configuration | Memory Timings | Data Bus Width | Memory Controller Efficiency |
Memory Bandwidth / Latency / Clock Speed / Memory Type / Memory Size / Memory Hierarchy / Memory Controller / bus width / memory clock speed / bandwidth /
3.2.3. SRAM vs DRAM
SRAM vs DRAM Introduction to SRAM vs DRAM | How SRAM Works | How DRAM works | SRAM vs DRAM: Speed | SRAM vs DRAM: Power Consumption | SRAM vs DRAM: Density | SRAM vs DRAM: Cost | SRAM vs DRAM: Applications |
SRAM / DRAM / Memory Cell / Refresh Rate / Access Time / Data Retention / Latency /

Subunit 3 - File System Management

3.3.1. File System Management
File System Management File System Structure | File Operations | Directory Operations | File Attributes and Metadata | File System Security | File System Maintenance | Backup and Recovery | File System Optimization | Drive Formatting | Drive Partitioning |
File System Management / File Allocation Table (FAT) / Directory / File Permissions / Disk Fragmentation / File Compression / Disk Quota / Mounting / Defragmentation / Compression / Fragment / Disk Optimization / Lossless Compression / Cluster / Data Integrity / File / Folder / Directory tree / Path / Root directory / Parent directory / Subdirectory / File extension / File system / Partitioning / Logical partition / Master boot record / Drive letter /
3.3.2. RAID ( Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
RAID Introduction to RAID | RAID 0 - Striping | RAID 1 - Mirroring | RAID 5 - Striping with Parity | RAID 10 - Mirrored Striping |
Redundant Array of Independent Disks / Striping / Mirroring / Parity / RAID Level 0 / RAID Level 1 / RAID Level 5 / RAID Level 10 /

Subunit 3 - Device Management

3.3.1. Computer Screens
Screen Resolution & Refresh Rate Introduction to Screen Resolutions | Benefits of increased screen resolution | Refresh Rate | Increased GPU usage | Higher Memory Bandwidth | Increased Frame Rate Requirements |
Screen Resolution / Refresh Rate / Pixel Density / Aspect Ratio / Framebuffer / Input Lag / Tearing / Interpolation / Motion Blur / Clarity / Immersion / User experience / Productivity / eye strain /
3.3.2. Sound Cards
Sound Cards Sound Cards / Controllers | Digital-to-Analog Conversion (DAC) | Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC) | Signal Processing | Connectivity | Driver Support | Quality and Fidelity | Gaming and Entertainment Features |
Sound Card / Digital Audio Converter (DAC) / Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) / Bit Depth / Sample Rate / MIDI Controller / External Sound Card /
3.3.4. Peripheral Management
Peripheral Management Introduction to Peripheral Management | Device Detection and Configuration | Device Drivers | Resource Allocation | Security | Monitoring and Maintenance | Troubleshooting |
Peripheral Management / Hardware Interface / Device Driver / Plug and Play / Input Devices / Output Devices / Peripheral Configuration / Peripheral Compatibility / Peripheral Maintenance / Peripheral Troubleshooting /

Subunit 4 - User Interface Management

3.4.1. User Interface Management
User Interface Management Introduction to OS User Interface Management | Window Management | Desktop Environment | Input Handling | Graphics Rendering | User Interface APIs | Accessibility Features | UI Customization | UI Performance Optimization | UI Security |
Window Manager / Taskbar / Desktop Environment / Shell / Menu / Dock / Theme / GUI / Notification Center / Shortcut / Virtual Desktop / Accessibility Options /

Subunit 5 - Virtualisation

3.5.3. Java Virtual Machine
Java Virtual Machine The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) | Platform Independence | Bytecode Execution | Memory Management | Security | Multithreading Support | Dynamic Linking | Components of the JVM | Advantages of the JVM |
Bytecode / Garbage Collection / JIT Compiler / ClassLoader / Stack / Execution Engine / Platform Independence / Security Manager /
3.5.2. Virtual Machines
Virtual Machines Virtual Machines | Hypervisor | Virtualization | Guest OS | Virtual Hardware | Benefits of Virtual Machines | Use Cases |
Hypervisor / Guest OS / Host OS / Virtualization / Snapshot / Provisioning / Cloning / Containerization /
3.5.1. Hardware Virtualisation
Virtual Input Devices Virtual Keyboard | Virtual Mouse | Virtual Joystick & Gamepad | Virtual MIDI Devices | Virtual VR Input Devices | Advantages of Virtual Input Devices | Disadvantages of Virtual Input Devices |
Virtual Drives Virtual Drives | Virtual Optical Drives | Snapshot Drives | Virtual RAM Disks | Virtual Network Drives | Cloud Drives |
Virtual Input Devices / Keyboard Emulation / Touchscreen Interface / Gesture Recognition / Virtual Reality Controllers / Motion Tracking Sensors / Eye Tracking Devices / Speech Recognition Software / Brain-Computer Interfaces / Haptic Feedback Devices / Virtual Drive / Disk Image / Mounting / ISO File / Partition / Emulation / Network Drive / File System / RAID / snapshot drives / ramdisk / cloud drive / snapshot /

Unit 4 - Control Systems

Subunit 1 - Monitoring & Control Systems

4.1.1. Monitoring Systems
Monitoring Systems Monitoring Systems | Outputting monitoring system data | Monitoring System Event Logs | Alerting Systems |
Sensors
4.1.2. Control Systems
Control Systems Introduction to Control Systems | Open Loop System | Pros and cons of open loop systems | Closed Loop Control System | Pros and cons of closed loop systems. | Overshoot Errors | Delay Errors | Steady State Errors | Continuous Control Systems | Advantages & Disadvantages of Continuous Control Systems | Discrete Control Systems | Advantages & Disadvantages of Discrete Control Systems | Example – Automatic Sprinkler System | Positive Feedback Loops | Advantages of Positive Feedback Loops | Examples of Positive Feedback Loops | Negative Feedback Systems | Examples of Negative Feedback Systems | Advantages of Negative Feedback Systems |
PID Controllers PID Controllers | Proportional (P) Term | Integral (I) Term | Derivative (D) Term | PID Formula Diagram |
Types of Actuators Electrical Actuators | Electric Motors | Servo Motors | Stepper Motors | Solenoids | Linear Actuators | Piezoelectric actuators |
open loop control system / closed loop control system / feedback / reference input / error signal / controller / actuator / sensor / proportional control / integral control / PID control / Setpoint / Error / derivative / Electrical actuator / Solenoid / Stepper motor / Brushless DC motor / Linear actuator / Piezoelectric actuator / Servo motor / Pulse Width Modulation /
4.1.3. Centrally Controlled vs Distributed Systems
Centralised Controlled Systems vs Distrubted Systems Centrally Controlled Systems | Distributed Systems | Structure | Performance | Security | Scalability | Fault Tolerance | Examples and Use Cases | Data Management |
Centralised Control / Distributed System / Scalability / Reliability / Fault Tolerance / Latency / Data Consistency / Performance / Load Balancing /

Subunit 2 - Automatic Control Systems

4.2.1. Automatic Doors
Automatic Doors Automatic Door Control Systems | Sensors | Control System | Door Operator | Safety Sensors | Security Control | Emergency Control |
Sensor / Actuator / Control Unit / Automatic Opening / Safety System / Access Control / Integration / Remote Control / Power Supply / User Interface /
4.2.2. Elevators
Elevator Control Systems Elevator Control Systems | Elevator Inputs | ADCs in Elevators | Processing in Elevators | Actuators in Elevators | Example Elevator Control Process | Elevator Sensors | Elevator algorithms |
Controller / Sensor / Microprocessor / Human-Machine Interface / Drive System / Load Sensor / Safety Brakes / Door Mechanism / Control Algorithm / Variable Frequency Drive / Proximity Sensor / Limit Switch / Infrared Sensor / Emergency Stop Switch /
4.2.3. Traffic Lights
Traffic Light Control Systems Introduction to Traffic Light Control Systems | Components of Traffic Light Control Sysytems | Types of Traffic Light Control Systems | Traffic Signal Timing Phases | Traffic Light System Sensors |
Traffic Signal / Cycle Time / Adaptive Control / Phase / Timing Plan / Sensor Data / Traffic Flow /

Subunit 4 - Industrial Systems

4.4.1. Process Control Systems
Process Control Systems Introduction to Process Control Systems | Components of Process Control Systems | Overview of Control Theory | Feedback Control Systems | Feedforward Control Systems | PID Control: Principles and Applications | Advanced Control Strategies | Real-Time Process Control Systems | Industrial Automation and Control Systems | Applications of Process Control in Industry | Challenges in Process Control Systems |
Process control systems / Sensors / Actuators / Feedback Control Systems / Setpoint / Feedforward control systems / Proportional control / Integral control / Derivative control / Real-Time Data Analysis / Industrial automation / Disturbances /
4.4.2. Industrial Robots
Industrial Robots Introduction to Industrial Robots | Types of Industrial Robots and Their Applications | Key Components of Industrial Robot Systems | The Role of Control Systems in Industrial Robotics | Programming Industrial Robots: Techniques and Tools | Computer Vision in Industrial Robotics | Safety Considerations in Robot Operation | Integration of Industrial Robots in Smart Manufacturing | Challenges in Industrial Robot Deployment | Future Trends in Industrial Robot Technology | Ethical Considerations in the Use of Industrial Robots |
Industrial robots / Automation / Artificial intelligence / Collaborative Robots (Cobots) / Articulated Robots / SCARA Robots / Robot Arm / End Effector / Sensors / Actuators / Control System / Open-loop System / Closed-loop System / Robot Simulation Software / Computer Vision / Object Detection / Safety Protocols / Regulatory Compliance / Risk Assessment / industrial robots / smart manufacturing /

Subunit 5 - Consumer Appliances

4.5.2. Washing Machines
Washing Machines Introduction to Washing Machines | Understanding How Washing Machines Operate | Role of Microcontrollers in Washing Machines | Overview of Washing Machine Actuators | Types of Sensors in Washing Machines | Washing Machine Cycles | Smart Washing Machines |
Washing Machine / Control Systems / Microcontroller / Sensors / Actuators / Actuator / Electric Motors / Solenoids / Pressure Sensor / Temperature Sensor / Load Sensor / Self-diagnosis /
4.5.1. Heating Systems
Heating Control Systems Introduction to Heating Control Systems | How heating control systems work | Key Components of Heating Control Systems | Types of Heating Control System | Applications of Heating Control Systems | Benefits of Heading Control Systems |
Thermostat / Zoning / Boiler / Heat Pump / Control Strategy / Sensors / Actuator / Energy Management System / Smart Thermostat / On/Off Control Systems / Proportional Control Systems / PID Control Systems / Industrial Heating / Industrial Heating / Energy Efficiency / On/Off Control Systems / Temperature Sensors / Heating Control System /

Subunit 6 - Transportation Systems

4.6.1. GPS Systems
GPS Systems Introduction to GPS Systems | How GPS Works | Navigation | Mapping and Surveying | Outdoor Activities | Fleet Management | Emergency Services |
GPS / Satellite / Navigation / Coordinates / Waypoints / Tracking / Accuracy / Mapping / Geocaching / Receiver / Global Positioning System / Trilateration / Satellite Constellation / Time Synchronization / Geolocation / Route planning / Location-based services / Fleet management / Surveying / Fitness tracking / Agricultural applications /
4.6.2. Taxi Meters
Taxi Meter Control Systems Introduction to Taxi Meter Control Systems | How Taxi Meter Control Systems Operate | Types of Taxi Meter Control Systems | Essential Components of Taxi Meter Systems | Essential Components of Taxi Meter Systems | Regulatory Standards for Taxi Meters | The Role of GPS in Taxi Meter Control | The Role of GPS in Taxi Meter Control | Future Trends in Taxi Meter Technology | Taxi Hailing Apps |
Fare calculation / Control Unit / GPS Integration / Mechanical Systems / Electronic Systems / GPS Integration /

Unit 6 - Option A. Databases (Higher)

Subunit 1 - Database Types (Higher)

6.1.1. Object Oriented Databases
Object Oriented Databases Object Oriented Databases | The OODB Model | Advantage: Schema Flexibility | Advantage: Accurate Representation of Complex Data Structures | Advantage: Navigational Access | Advantage: Custom Query Languages | Use Cases | Disadvantages of OODB |
Object Oriented Database / Object / Class / Inheritance / Encapsulation / Polymorphism / Association / Aggregation / Query Language /
6.1.2. Database Segmentation
Database Segmentation Database Segmentation | Demographic Segmentation | Behavioral Segmentation | Geographic Segmentation | Psychographic Segmentation | Firmographic Segmentation | Time-Based Segmentation | Transactional Segmentation | RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary) Segmentation | Pros of Database Segmentation | Cons of Database Segmentation |
Database Segmentation / Segment / Segmentation Criteria / Segmentation Strategy / Data Type / Geographic Segmentation / Demographic Segmentation / Psychographic Segmentation / Behavioral Segmentation / Customer Segmentation /
6.1.6. Data Warehousing
Data Warehousing Data Warehousing | Data Integration | Data Storage | Data Analysis | Historical Intelligence | Business Intelligence (BI) Tools | BI Dashboard | Features of a BI Dashboard | Data Mart | Key features of Data Marts | Cloud-based Warehousing | Pros of Data Warehousing | Cons of Data Warehousing |
The ETL Process Introduction to the ETL Process | Extract | Extraction Data Sources | Transform | Load |
Real Time Updates to Data Warehouses Real Time Database updates | Change Data Capture (CDC) | Event-Driven Architecture | Micro-batch Processing |
Data Warehousing / ETL / Fact Table / Data Mart / OLAP / Data Mining / Data Cleansing / business intelligence / data analysis / dashboard / predictive analytics / data visualization / Extract / Transform / Load / Extraction / Validation / ETL Tool / Real Time Updates / Change Data Capture / Batch Processing / Data Latency / event driven architecture / micro-batch processing / real-time analytics /
6.1.7. Multi-Dimensional Databases
Multi-Dimensional Databases Multi-dimensional databases | Data Organization | OLAP Operations | Indexing and Optimization | Use Cases | Advantages | Challenges |
Multi-dimensional databases / Dimensions / Cubes / Measures / Hierarchies / Slicing / Dicing / Roll-up / Drill-down / OLAP /
6.1.10. Network Data Model
Network Data Model Network Data Models | Nodes & Edges | Structure of Network Data Models | Record Types | Navigational Access | Advantages of Network Data Models | Complexity |
Network Data Model / Graph / Node / Edge / Attribute / Directed Graph / Undirected Graph /

Unit 6 - Case Study: Chatbots

Subunit 1 - Chatbot Case Study Introduction

6.1.1. Case Study Introduction
Case Study Introduction Introduction to the case study | Objectives | Latency | Linguistic Nuances | Chatbot Architecture | Dataset | Processing Power | Ethical Challenges |
Researching the Case Study Understand the Objectives | Comprehensive Reading | Identify Key Areas | Research Techniques | Application of Knowledge | Analyze and Evaluate |
Linguistic Nuance / Ethics / Processing Power / Latency / Natural Language Processing / Conversational AI / Bias / User Experience / Data Privacy / Context Awareness /

Unit 6 - Option A. Databases (Higher)

Subunit 2 - Data Science

6.2.1. Data Mining
Data Mining Data Mining | Data Mining Steps | Cluster Analysis | Classification Analysis | Association Analysis | Beer & Diapers | Link Analysis | Capture of Bin Laden | Sequential Pattern Analysis | Forecasting | Linear Regression | Supervised Learning | Unsupervised Learning |
Link Analysis Link Analysis | Graph Theory | Social Network Analysis (SNA) | Centrality Measures | Clustering or Community Detection | Applications | Pros | Cons |
Data mining / Pattern recognition / Clustering / Classification / Association rule mining / Machine learning / Data preprocessing / Decision tree / Feature selection / Big data /
6.2.3. Predictive Modelling
The Predictive Modelling Process Data Exploration and Analysis | Feature Engineering | Model Building | Model Evaluation | Integration with Business Processes | Automation and Scalability | Continuous Improvement | Decision Support |
Types of predictive models Linear Regression | Linear Regression Use Cases | Logistic Regression | Decision Tree Induction | Example uses for decision trees | Random Forests | Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM): | Support Vector Machines (SVM) | Neural Networks | Time Series Analysis | K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) |
Predictive Modelling Process / Data Collection / Data Cleaning / Feature Selection / Model Training / Model Evaluation / Model Tuning / Deployment / Monitoring / Data Preparation / Cross-validation / Regression Analysis / Decision Tree / Random Forest / Support Vector Machine / Neural Network / Logistic Regression / K-Nearest Neighbors / Gradient Boosting / Time Series Forecasting / Ensemble Learning /