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Across

1. A control strategy that accumulates the error signal over time to eliminate steady-state errors.

2. The desired value or setpoint that a control system tries to achieve.

3. A control strategy where control output is proportional to the rate of change of the error signal.

4. An electrical actuator that produces linear motion, often used in applications such as robotics or automation systems.

5. Information about the system's output that is used to adjust the system's input.

6. The desired value or target value that the system aims to achieve.

7. The part of a control system that converts the controller's output into a physical action or signal.

8. A control system where the output is not fed back to the input.

9. A type of electrical actuator that moves in discrete steps, based on digital pulses, allowing for precise control.

10. A control strategy where the controller's output is proportional to the error signal.

11. A type of actuator that uses the piezoelectric effect to generate motion when an electric field is applied.

Down

12. A motor that operates as a closed-loop system, using feedback to control the position, speed, and torque accurately.

13. A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to produce linear or rotary motion.

14. The component of a control system that calculates the necessary adjustments to minimize the error signal.

15. A control algorithm that adjusts the output based on the proportional, integral, and derivative terms.

16. A motor that uses electronic commutation instead of brushes to control the current flow in the windings, resulting in better efficiency and longevity.

17. A technique used to control the position of a servo motor by varying the width of electrical pulses.

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