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Across

1. A software that acts as an interface between user applications and the computer's hardware.

2. A situation in which two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for another to release a resource.

3. A request made by a program for a service or resource provided by an operating system's kernel.

4. A feature of a graphical user interface that displays icons for system-related notifications and services.

5. A software component that allows an operating system to communicate with and control a specific hardware device.

6. An interface that allows a user to interact with an operating system or program by typing commands into a terminal or console.

7. An instance of a program in execution, including its current state and resources.

8. The process of reducing the size of a file by encoding its contents using an algorithm that removes redundancy.

9. The ability of an operating system to run multiple programs or tasks concurrently.

10. A signal sent to the processor by a device or program to request the processor's attention.

11. The ability of an operating system to allow multiple users to use the same computer simultaneously.

12. A process that reorganizes the files on a disk to optimize their placement and improve access times.

13. The method used by an operating system to organize and manage the storage of files on a disk.

Down

14. The process of encoding data to make it secure and prevent unauthorized access or modification.

15. An interface that allows a user to interact with an operating system or program using graphical elements such as windows, icons, and menus.

16. A technique used by an operating system to extend the amount of usable memory by temporarily transferring data from RAM to a disk.

17. A program that loads the operating system kernel into memory and begins its execution.

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