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1. A subsystem that is responsible for loading class files into the Java Virtual Machine.
2. A component that improves the performance of Java applications by compiling bytecode into native machine code at runtime.
3. An automatic memory management process that reclaims memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use.
4. The ability of a program to run on different operating systems without modification.
5. The component responsible for executing the instructions contained in loaded classes.
6. A feature that enforces access controls during code execution to protect the system from untrusted code.