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1. Open Systems Interconnection model, a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a communication system into seven layers.
2. The second layer in the OSI model, responsible for the reliable transmission of data frames between network nodes.
3. A device or software component that enables a computer to connect to a network.
4. Media Access Control Address, a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications at the data link layer of a network segment.
5. The fourth version of the Internet Protocol, which is the primary protocol in use on the Internet.
6. A globally unique IP address that is assigned to a device connected to a public network.
7. The process used to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses, and vice versa.
8. A unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications on the physical network segment.
9. An IP address that is reserved for internal use within a private network.
10. Internet Protocol version 6, the most recent version of the Internet Protocol, designed to succeed IPv4.
11. The practice of modifying the media access control address of a network device to masquerade as a different device or to bypass access controls.