1	10				12																14
															13
2			11
									3														15
								4
								5
9
		6
7
				8

Across

1. The Layer responsible for reliable and efficient data transfer between end systems, ensuring integrity and flow control.

2. The Layer responsible for error-free transmission of data frames between adjacent network nodes.

3. The process of combining different components, systems, or software to work together and function as a unified whole.

4. The ability of a system to adapt and respond to changes or varying requirements without requiring extensive modifications.

5. The Layer responsible for translating data formats and converting data into a standardized format for communication.

6. The ability of different components or systems to be seamlessly replaced or substituted with one another without causing disruptions or compatibility issues.

7. The design of a network stack where different functions are organized into separate layers, each building on top of the lower layers.

8. The Layer responsible for addressing, routing, and forwarding data packets across different networks.

Down

9. The Layer responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections between network applications.

10. Reliability refers to the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions consistently and accurately over a specified period.

11. The topmost layer of the OSI Network Stack, responsible for providing network services to user applications.

12. The OSI Layer responsible for transmitting raw bit streams over physical media, such as cables or wireless signals.

13. A design approach that allows a system to grow in capacity and capability by adding or removing resources easily.

14. The process of establishing uniform guidelines and specifications that ensure consistency and compatibility across different systems and technologies.

15. A seven layer conceptual framework that defines the functions and protocols for communication between computers in a network.

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