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1. A process that reorganizes the files on a disk to optimize their placement and improve access times.
2. An interface that allows a user to interact with an operating system or program by typing commands into a terminal or console.
3. A request made by a program for a service or resource provided by an operating system's kernel.
4. The process of reducing the size of a file by encoding its contents using an algorithm that removes redundancy.
5. An instance of a program in execution, including its current state and resources.
6. The method used by an operating system to organize and manage the storage of files on a disk.
7. A situation in which two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for another to release a resource.
8. A feature of a graphical user interface that displays icons for system-related notifications and services.
9. A program that loads the operating system kernel into memory and begins its execution.
10. A software component that allows an operating system to communicate with and control a specific hardware device.
11. The ability of an operating system to allow multiple users to use the same computer simultaneously.
12. The process of encoding data to make it secure and prevent unauthorized access or modification.
13. A signal sent to the processor by a device or program to request the processor's attention.
14. An interface that allows a user to interact with an operating system or program using graphical elements such as windows, icons, and menus.
15. A software that acts as an interface between user applications and the computer's hardware.
16. The core component of an operating system that manages the system's resources and provides basic services for other programs.
17. The ability of an operating system to run multiple programs or tasks concurrently.
18. A technique used by an operating system to extend the amount of usable memory by temporarily transferring data from RAM to a disk.