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Across

1. The bottommost layer in the TCP/IP network stack responsible for physical transfer of bit streams.

2. Units of data transmission in transport layer protocols, such as TCP.

3. The data portion of a packet or frame that carries the actual information being transmitted.

4. Interoperability is the ability of different network stacks, devices, or systems to seamlessly exchange and interpret data.

5. The layer responsible for transforming data into the suitable format for application processing, including encryption and compression.

6. The extent to which a system or component performs its intended functions without failure.

7. The capability of substituting one component or system with another that performs the same function.

8. The layer responsible for ensuring data is delivered reliably and sequentially between hosts, providing end-to-end transmission.

9. The set of network protocols and software that enable communication between devices on a computer network.

10. The layer responsible for routing of packets across networks.

11. The ability of a system or network to handle and accommodate increasing amounts of work.

Down

12. The process of determining the optimal path for data packets to travel from the source to the destination in a network.

13. Blocks of data contain source and destination IP addresses that are routed through a network.

14. The units of data transmission in computer networks used to organize and encapsulate data for transmission.

15. In the context of network communication, different levels or modules compose the network protocol stack.

16. The ability of a system or software to adapt over time to meet changing requirements.

17. A collection of protocols and technologies employed to establish network communication.

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