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Across

1. An interface that allows a user to interact with an operating system or program using graphical elements such as windows, icons, and menus.

2. The process of encoding data to make it secure and prevent unauthorized access or modification.

3. A process that reorganizes the files on a disk to optimize their placement and improve access times.

4. The ability of an operating system to allow multiple users to use the same computer simultaneously.

5. The method used by an operating system to organize and manage the storage of files on a disk.

6. A software that acts as an interface between user applications and the computer's hardware.

7. The process of reducing the size of a file by encoding its contents using an algorithm that removes redundancy.

8. A technique used by an operating system to extend the amount of usable memory by temporarily transferring data from RAM to a disk.

9. A request made by a program for a service or resource provided by an operating system's kernel.

10. A software component that allows an operating system to communicate with and control a specific hardware device.

Down

11. The ability of an operating system to run multiple programs or tasks concurrently.

12. A feature of a graphical user interface that displays icons for system-related notifications and services.

13. A program that loads the operating system kernel into memory and begins its execution.

14. An interface that allows a user to interact with an operating system or program by typing commands into a terminal or console.

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