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1. A process that reorganizes the files on a disk to optimize their placement and improve access times.
2. A technique used by an operating system to extend the amount of usable memory by temporarily transferring data from RAM to a disk.
3. The ability of an operating system to run multiple programs or tasks concurrently.
4. A program that loads the operating system kernel into memory and begins its execution.
5. The process of reducing the size of a file by encoding its contents using an algorithm that removes redundancy.
6. The process of encoding data to make it secure and prevent unauthorized access or modification.
7. A feature of a graphical user interface that displays icons for system-related notifications and services.
8. The ability of an operating system to allow multiple users to use the same computer simultaneously.
9. A software component that allows an operating system to communicate with and control a specific hardware device.
10. The method used by an operating system to organize and manage the storage of files on a disk.
11. A request made by a program for a service or resource provided by an operating system's kernel.
12. A software that acts as an interface between user applications and the computer's hardware.
13. An interface that allows a user to interact with an operating system or program using graphical elements such as windows, icons, and menus.
14. An interface that allows a user to interact with an operating system or program by typing commands into a terminal or console.