Password authentication is a fundamental security mechanism used to verify the identity of users attempting to access a system, application, or online service. It relies on users providing a secret passphrase, known as a , which they have previously chosen and shared with the system. To enhance security, passwords are typically not stored in their raw form but are instead stored as cryptographic values. The authentication system compares the hash of the entered password to the hash of the stored password associated with the user's account. If they match, the user is granted ; if not, access is denied.
Password vulnerabilities refer to weaknesses or flaws in the way passwords are created, managed, or used that can make systems, accounts, or more susceptible to unauthorized access and security breaches. Common vulnerabilities include weak passwords, password reuse, and the absence of authentication (2FA). Weak passwords can be easily guessed or cracked by attackers, leading to unauthorized access. Factors contributing to weak passwords include short length, lack of , and the use of common words. Creating a strong password is crucial for enhancing online security and protecting accounts from unauthorized access.
Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) is a process that requires users to provide two different factors before they can gain access to a system or account. These factors fall into three main categories: something you know (like a or PIN), something you have (like a mobile device or security token), and something you are (biometric data). Digital certificates verify the identity of an entity and provide a means for secure communication by encrypting data exchanged between the user's device and the . Certificate Authorities (CAs) are trusted organisations responsible for issuing and managing these digital certificates to ensure the legitimacy of websites and prevent .
