Input-Process-Output Model Input
Process Output
Data Flow System
Model Abstraction

 

Data or information that is given to a system or process as an entry in order to generate an output. The Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model is a conceptual framework that describes the flow of data in a system, where input is transformed into output through a series of processes.
The outcome or result that is generated by a system or process once it has completed processing the input data. Actions or operations are carried out on the input data to convert it into output.
A set refers to a grouping of interconnected components or processes that collaborate to accomplish a particular goal. The transfer of information from one component or process to another within a system or between different systems.
The process of simplifying complex systems or phenomena by focusing solely on the crucial details and disregarding irrelevant or unimportant aspects. A simplified portrayal or abstraction of a real-world system, grasping its essential entities and their interconnections.

 

Feedback Control
Hard Copy Soft Copy
File Format Parallel Algorithm
Sequential Parallel

 

Management refers to the various mechanisms or processes that oversee and direct the input, process, and output of a system with the aim of attaining the intended results. Information regarding the system's output which aids in refining the input or the process for better results.
A digital version of information that can be stored, modified, and transmitted electronically. A physical representation of information on paper or another tangible medium.
An algorithm designed to take advantage of parallel processing. The structure in which data is stored in a soft copy, defining how information is encoded for storage.
A type of model in which tasks are performed simultaneously, often utilizing multiple processors or threads. A type of model in which tasks are performed one after the other in a linear order.

 

Multi-Agent Models
Task Order
Simultaneously Processors
Threads Autonomous

 

Representations or simulations that describe systems or phenomena. A type of model that involves multiple autonomous entities or agents, each with their own goals and behavioral rules.
The sequence or arrangement in which tasks or events occur. A unit of work or activity that needs to be completed.
Hardware components capable of executing instructions and performing calculations. At the same time or concurrently.
Capable of acting independently or self-governing. Independent sequences of instructions that can be scheduled and executed by a processor.

 

Von Neumann Architecture Stored-Program Computer
Central Processing Unit Memory
Instruction Fetch Instruction Decode
Instruction Execution Control Unit

 

A computer that stores program instructions in its memory along with data, allowing the instructions to be treated as data and executed by the CPU. A computer architecture where where programs and data are stored in the same memory and can be executed sequentially by the CPU
The component of a computer that is used to store data and program instructions for immediate use by the CPU. The primary component of a computer that performs most of the processing inside the computer, including performing arithmetic, logical, control, and input/output operations.
The process of determining the exact operation to be performed and the operands of a given instruction. The process of retrieving a program instruction from memory so that it can be executed by the CPU.
The component of a CPU that manages the execution of instructions, coordinates the activities of the other components, and controls the flow of data within the CPU. The process of carrying out the operation specified by an instruction using the data from registers and memory.

 

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Input/Output (I/O)
Bus Control Bus
Data Bus Address Bus
Register Accumulator

 

The process of transferring data between the computer and external devices, such as keyboards, monitors, and printers. The component of a CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and comparison.
A bus in a computer architecture that is used by the CPU to communicate with other hardware components and control their operations. A communication system that transfers data between components in a computer.
A bus in a computer architecture that is used to specify the memory address in read or write operations. A bus in a computer architecture that is used to transmit data between the CPU and other hardware components.
a special-purpose register in a CPU that is used for arithmetic operations and holds the results of calculations a small amount of storage in the central processing unit (CPU) that is used to store data or instructions temporarily during program execution

 

Program Counter Memory Data Register
Memory Address Register Instruction Register
System Bus Fetch
Execute Cycle

 

a register that stores data being transferred to and from the memory unit a register that keeps track of the address of the next instruction to be executed in a program
a register that holds the currently executed instruction in a CPU a register that holds the address of a memory location currently being accessed by the CPU
The first step in the instruction execution cycle, where the CPU retrieves an instruction from memory. A communication pathway that connects the various components within a computer system, allowing data and control signals to be transferred between them.
A sequence of steps that the CPU goes through to execute an instruction. The last step in the instruction execution cycle, where the CPU carries out the instruction.

 

Instruction CPU
Step Retrieve
Sequence Carry Out
Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle Decode

 

The Central Processing Unit, which is the main component of a computer responsible for executing instructions. A command or operation given to the CPU to perform a specific task.
To fetch or obtain information or data from a source or memory location. A single operation or action within a larger process or cycle.
To perform or execute a task or instruction. An ordered collection or arrangement of items or events.
The second step of the Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle, where the computer interprets the fetched instruction. The process by which the computer fetches an instruction from memory, decodes it, and then executes it.