Interoperability can be achieved through the use of protocols.

are routed through different network devices to reach their destination.

To achieve scalability, a system should be able to increasing amounts of data or users.

Interoperability is important in ensuring between different software or hardware.

4. The is responsible for routing packets across different networks.

10. The uses handshake protocols to establish connections and negotiate transmission parameters.

9. The layer of the TCP/IP Model is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections between applications.

Scalability is crucial for systems that need to future growth.

7. The is responsible for providing network services to user applications.