A network stack, also known as a protocol stack or networking stack, is a framework of protocols and software layers that work together to enable communication and data exchange in computer networks.
Network stacks are essential components of modern computing and networking systems, allowing devices to communicate over local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the internet.
Network stacks are organized in a layered architecture, with each layer responsible for specific tasks and functions.
Stack diagram
When the user enters a request into a computer, such as a request to send an email, the data flows from the top of the stack to the bottom and then back up to the application at the other end.
Application Layer
The Application Layer is the topmost layer in the TCP/IP model. It is responsible for providing network services directly to end-users or applications.
This layer handles high-level communication tasks, including data formatting, encryption, and user authentication.
Common applications:
HTTP for web browsing
SMTP for email
FTP for file transfer
DNS for domain name resolution.
Which layer of the network stack provides services such as file transfer, email, and web browsing?
Transport Layer
The Transport Layer is responsible for end-to-end communication and data transfer between two devices on a network.
It ensures reliable and efficient data transfer by establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections as needed.
Protocols at this level
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which provides reliable, connection-oriented communication
User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which offers faster, connectionless communication.
Network Layer
The Internet Layer, also known as the Network Layer, is responsible for routing packets of data across multiple networks to reach their destination.
It uses logical addressing, such as IP (Internet Protocol), to identify devices and determine the best path for data transmission.
Routers operate at the Internet Layer and make decisions about how to forward data packets to their destination.
Data Link Layer
The Data Link Layer, is the lowest layer in the OSI model.
It deals with the physical connection between devices and the transmission of data frames over the local network.
This layer is responsible for addressing devices on the same local network and ensuring error detection and correction at the physical and data link levels.
Common technologies associated with this layer include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and various LAN (Local Area Network) protocols.
6. The layer responsible for reliable data transfer between adjacent network devices.
